Prevailing perspectives on power cannot explain why political protests from the bottom of societies sometimes result in reforms that reflect the grievances of the protestors. I propose a new theory of “interdependent power” that provides such an explanation. I argue that, contrary to common views, globalization actually increases the potential for this kind of popular power.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AgarwalaRina.2006. “Struggling with Informality: A New Class Movement in India.”Critical Asian Studies38 (4): 419–45.
2.
AmentaEdwinHalfmannDrewYoungMichael P..1999. “The Strategies and Contexts of Social Protest: Political Mediation and the Impact of the Townsend Movement in California.”Mobilization4 (1): 1–23.
3.
AndrewsKenneth.2001. “Social Movements and Policy Implementation.”American Sociological Review66: 71–95.
4.
AuyeroJavier.2005. “Protest and Politics in Contemporary Argentina.” Pp. 250–68 in Argentine Democracy: The Politics of Institutional Weakness, edited by LevitskyS.MurilloM. V.. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Press.
5.
BailynBernard.1965. Pamphlets of the American Revolution, 1750–1776. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
6.
BeckerCarl L.1909. The History of Political Parties in the Province of New York.Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
7.
BellDaniel A.2007. “From Marx to Confucius.”Dissent spring: 20–28.
8.
BouneaudHelene.2007. “Small Numbers, Big Power: The Paradox of the French Labor Movement.”New Labor Forum16 (1): 69–77.
9.
BridenbaughCarl.1955. Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776. New York: Knopf.
10.
BursteinPaulEinwohnerRachel L.HollanderJocelyn A..1995. “The Success of Political Movements: A Bargaining Perspective.” Pp. 275–95 in The Politics of Social Protest: Comparative Perspectives on States and Social Movements, edited by JenkinsJ. C.KlandersmansB.. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
11.
ChengEva.2007. “Eviction Resisters Test Property Rights.” Mayå 7, Green Left, China: www.greenleft.org.au/2007/708/36761.
12.
CollinsRandall.1975. Conflict Sociology: Toward an Explanatory Social Science.New York: Academic Press.
13.
CressDaniel M.SnowDavid A..2000. “The Outcomes of Homeless Mobilization: The Influence of Organization, Disruption, Political Mediation, and Framing.”American Journal of Sociology105 (4): 1063–1104.
14.
DahlRobert.1961. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
15.
De SwaanAbram.1988. In Care of the State.New York: Oxford University Press.
16.
DomhoffG. William.2007. “C. Wright Mills, Power Structure Research, and the Failures of Mainstream Political Science.”New Political Science29 (1): 97.
17.
DurkheimEmile. [1933] 1964. The Division of Labor in Society.New York: The Free Press.
18.
EtzioniAmitai.1968. The Active Society: A Theory of Societal and Political Processes.New York: Free Press.
19.
FriedrichCarl J., ed.1953. The Philosophy of Hegel, Modern Library Edition. New York: Random House.
20.
Futures and News Commodity Market.2006. “Uruguay/Argentina: Pulp Mill Protest Again Blocks Bridges.” November 22.
http://news.tradingcharts.com/futures/5/0/86216005.html.
21.
GamsonWilliam A.1975. The Strategy of Social Protest.Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
22.
GettlemanJeffrey.2007. “Ethiopian Rebels Kill 70 at Chinese-Run Oil Field.”New York Times, April 25.
23.
GiddensAnthony.1976. New Rules of Sociological Method: A Positive Critique of Interpretive Sociologies.New York: Basic Books.
24.
GiugniMarco G.1998. “Was It Worth the Effort? The Outcomes and Consequences of Social Movements.”Annual Review of Sociology24: 371–93.
25.
GoldstoneJack A.1980. “The Weakness of Organization.”American Journal of Sociology85: 1017–42.
26.
GurrTed Robert.1980. “On the Outcomes of Violent Conflict.” Pp. 238–94 in The Handbook of Political Conflict, edited by GurrT. R.. New York: The Free Press.
27.
HillChristopher.1952. “Puritans and the Poor.”Past and Present 2 November: 32–50.
28.
JasperJames.1997. The Art of Moral Protest.Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
JutteRobert.1994. Poverty and Deviance in Early Modern Europe.New York: Cambridge University Press.
31.
KalyvasStathis N.2003. “The Ontology of ‘Political Violence’: Action and Identity in Civil Wars.”Perspectives on Politics1 (3): 475–95.
32.
KernKimberly.2007. “Ixcan, Guatemala says NO to Xalala Dam.”Upside Down World, May 2: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=719&It.
33.
LasswellHaroldKaplanAbraham.1950. Power and Society.New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
34.
LernerStephen.2003. “An Immodest Proposal: A New Architecture for the House of Labor.”New Labor Forum12 (2): 9–30.
35.
LisCatharinaSolyHugo.1979. Poverty and Capitalism in Pre-Industrial Europe.Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.
36.
MannMichael.1986. The Sources of Social Power: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
37.
McAdamDougMcCarthyJohn D.ZaldMayer.1988. “Social Movements.” Pp. 695–737 in Handbook of Sociology, edited by SmelserN.. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
38.
MetzgarJack.2000. Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered.Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
39.
MeyersonHarold.2007. “Unions Gone Global.”American Prospect, April 26, A Web Exclusive: http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&name?ViewWeb&articleId=12724.
40.
MillsC. Wright.1956. The Power Elite.New York: Oxford University Press.
41.
MoodyKim.1997. Workers in a Lean World: Unions in the International Economy.New York: Verso.
42.
MooreBarrington.1965. The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy.Boston, MA: Beacon.
43.
MorganEdmund S.1956. The Birth of the New Republic, 1763-1789. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
44.
MoroLeben Nelson.2007. “Over a Barrel.” New Internationalist 401:June: 18–19.
45.
MouawadJad.2007a. “Nowadays Angola is Oil's Topic A.”New York Times, March 20.
46.
MouawadJad.2007b. “Growing Unrest Posing a Threat to Nigerian Oil.”New York Times, April 21.
47.
MunshiMillie.2007. “Copper Futures Climb on U.S. Economic Data, Peruvian Strike.” Bloomberg.com, May 6: www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=aF8jlsc5ySYw&refer=latin_am.
48.
OberschallAnthony.1973. Social Conflict and Social Movements.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
49.
PageJeremy.2007. “Farmers Put India's Growth in Doubt as They Win Battle of the Boom Zones.”The Times, London, March 19.
50.
PhelpsChristopher.2007. “The New SDS.”The Nation, April 16, pp. 11–14.
51.
PivenFrances FoxClowardRichard A..1971. Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare.New York: Pantheon Books.
52.
PivenFrances Fox.1977. Poor People's Movements: How They Succeed, Why They Fail.New York: Pantheon Books.
53.
PivenFrances Fox.1992. “Normalizing Collective Protest.” Pp. 301–25 in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by MorrisA. D.MuellerC.. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
54.
PivenFrances Fox.2000. “Power Repertoires and Globalization.”Politics and Society, Special Issue, Strikes! Past and Present28 (3): 413–30.
55.
PivenFrances Fox.2005. “Rulemaking, Rulebreaking, and Power.” Pp. 33–35 in Handbook of Political Sociology, edited by JanoskiT.AlfordR.HicksA.SchwartzM. A.. New York: Cambridge University Press.
56.
PolgreenLydiaFrenchHoward W..2007. “China's Trade with Africa Carries a Price Tag.”New York Times, August 21.
57.
RaphaelRay.2001. A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence.New York: The New Press.
58.
SchlesingerArthur M.1955. “Political Mobs in the American Revolution.”Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society99: 244–50.
59.
SewellWilliam H.1992. “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency and Transformation.”American Journal of Sociology98 (1): 1–29.
60.
ShefnerJon.2007. “Rethinking Civil Society in the Age of NAFTA: The Case of Mexico.”Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science610: 182–201.
61.
SilverBeverly.2003. Forces of Labor: Workers' Movements and Globalization since 1870.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
62.
SitrinMarina, ed.2006. Horizontalism: Voices of Popular Power in Argentina.Oakland, CA: AK Press.
63.
TarrowSidney.1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics.New York: Oxford University Press.
64.
TillyCharles.1978. From Mobilization to Revolution.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
65.
WrightErik Olin.2000. “Working-Class Power, Capitalist-Class Interests, and Class Compromise.”American Journal of Sociology105 (4): 957–1002.
66.
WrongDennis.1979. The Oversocialized Conception of Man.New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
67.
YoungAlfred, ed.1976. The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism.De Kalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press.