Survival-related clinical reports are abundantly found in the works of classical, object-relational, and self psychological writers, but are underrepresented in major theoretical formulations on anxiety. Fears of being overwhelmed, merged, penetrated, fragmented, and destroyed, as contents of unconscious and conscious fantasies, are regularly interrelated with the typical dangers. Fifteen preliminary propositions invite closer study of such apprehensions and provide definitional components. Annihilation anxieties are triggered by survival threat; are found early but can be engendered throughout the life cycle; constitute a basic danger; are residuals of psychic trauma; have specifiable sub-dimensions; may occur in presymbolic form or be associated with fantasies in conflict / compromise formation; may arise with or without anticipation; may be accompanied by controlled or uncontrolled anxiety; are motives for defense; and may be associated with particularly recalcitrant resistances. The study of annihilation anxieties in relation to the basic danger series has both theoretical and clinical advantages, especially for understanding traumatic, anxiety, phobic, psychosomatic, addictive, narcissistic, borderline, and psychotic manifestations, as well as sexual problems (including perversions), nightmares, dissociative and panic states, and especially difficult resistances.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Abraham, K. (1924). A short study of the development of the libido . In Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press, 1942, pp. 418—502.
2.
Adler, G. (1985). Borderline Psychopathology and Its Treatment. New York: Aronson.
3.
Alpert, A., & Bernstein, I. (1964). Dynamic determinants in oral fixation. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child19:170—195.
4.
Angel, K. (1967). On symbiosis and pseudosymbiosis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association15:294—316.
5.
Arlow, J. (1955). Notes on oral symbolism. Psychoanalytic Quarterly24:63—74.
6.
——— (1963). Conflict, regression and symptom formation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis44:12—22.
7.
——— (1965). Regressive ego phenomena in psychoanalysis. In Beating Fantasies and Regressive Ego Phenomena in Psychoanalysis , ed. E. Joseph.New York: International Universities Press, pp. 68—103.
8.
——— (1966). Depersonalization and realization. In Psychoanalysis— A General Psychology: Essays in Honor of Heinz Hartmann , ed. R. Lowenstein, L.M. Newman, M. Schur , & A. Solnit, eds. New York: International Universities Press, pp. 456—478.
9.
——— & Brenner, C. (1964). Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory . New York: International Universities Press.
10.
Bak, R.C. (1943). Dissolution of the ego, mannerism and delusion of grandeur. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease98:457—464.
11.
——— (1970). Recent developments in psychoanalysis: A critical summary of the main theme of the 26th International Psycho-analytical Congress in Rome. International Journal of Psychoanalysis51:255—264.
12.
Balint, M. (1968). The Basic Fault: Therapeutic Aspects of Regression . London: Tavistock Publications .
13.
Beebe, B., Lachmann, F., & Jaffe, J. (1997). Mother-infant interaction structures and presymbolic self- and object representations. Psychoanalytic Dialogues7:113—182.
14.
Benjamin, J.D. (1963). Further comments on some developmental aspects of anxiety. In Counterpoint: Libidinal Object and Subject, ed. H.S. Gaskill.New York: International Universities Press, pp. 121—153.
15.
Bender, L. (1950). Anxiety in disturbed children. In Anxiety, ed. P.H. Hoch & J. Zubin. New York: Grune & Stratton, pp. 119—139.
16.
Benveniste, P., Papouchis, N., Allen, R., & Hurvich, M. (1998). Rorschach assessment and ego functioning. Psychoanalytic Psychology15:536—566.
17.
Bick, E. (1968). The experience of the skin in early object relations . International Journal of Psychoanalysis49:484—486.
18.
Bion, W. (1962). Learning from Experience. New York: Basic Books.
19.
Blatt, S., & Wild, C. (1976). Schizophrenia: A Developmental Analysis. New York: Academic Press.
20.
Blum, H. (1972). Psychoanalytic understanding and psychotherapy of borderline regression: The role of identification in the resolution of trauma. Psychoanalytic Quarterly54:609—627.
21.
Bonaparte, M. (1938). Some paleological and biophysical reflections . International Journal of Psychoanalysis19:214-220
22.
Bonime, W. (1981). Anxiety: Feared loss of functional effectiveness . Contemporary Psychoanalysis17:69-90.
23.
Brenner, C. (1982). The Mind in Conflict. New York : International Universities Press.
24.
——— (1997). Current view on anxiety: Discussion of M. Hurvich . Psychoanalytic Review84:513—515.
25.
Brodsky, B. (1959). The self-representation, anality, and the fear of dying. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association7:95—108.
26.
Bucci, W. (1985). Dual coding: A cognitive model for psychoanalytic research. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association33:571—607.
27.
Burnham, D.L., Gladstone, A.L., & Gibson, R.W. (1969). Schizophrenia and the Need-Fear Dilemma. New York: International Universities Press .
28.
Coen, S.J. (1996). Sexual disorders. In Textbook of Psychoanalysis, ed. E. Nersessian & R.G. Kopff.Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 345—390.
29.
Coleman, M.D. (1982—1983). Prestructural determinants in a case of phobia. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy9:537—551.
30.
Compton, A. (1972a). A study of the psychoanalytic theory of anxiety: I. The development of Freud's theory of anxiety. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association20:3—44.
31.
——— (1972b). A study of the psychoanalytic theory of anxiety: II. Developments in the theory of anxiety since 1926. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association20:341—394.
32.
——— (1980a). Developments in the psychoanalytic theory of anxiety, 1926—1980. In Handbook on Stress and Anxiety , ed. I.L. Kutash & L.B. Schlesinger.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 6—35.
33.
——— (1980b). A study of the psychoanalytic theory of anxiety: lll: A preliminary formulation of the anxiety response. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association28:739—773.
34.
——— (1992). The psychoanalytic view of phobias: General theory of phobias and anxiety. Psychoanalytic Quarterly61:426—446.
35.
Danieli, Y., ED. (1998). International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. New York: Plenum .
36.
De Saussure, J. (1982). Dreams and dreaming in relation to trauma in childhood . International Journal of Psychoanalysis63:167—175.
37.
Diamond, D. (in press). Attachment disorganization: The reunion of attachment theory and psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology.
38.
Dowling, S. (1990). Fantasy formation: A child analyst's perspective . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association38:93-111.
39.
Eissler, K. (1953). Notes on the emotionality of a schizophrenic patient and its relation to problems of technique. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child8:199—251.
40.
Fairbairn, W.R.D.( 1940). Schizoid factors in the personality. In Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952, pp. 3—27.
41.
Fenichel, O. (1934). Defense against anxiety, particularly by libidinization . In The Collected Papers of Otto Fenichel. 1st series. New York: Norton, 1953, pp. 307—317.
42.
——— (1945). The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. New York: Norton.
43.
Flescher, J. (1955). A dualistic viewpoint on anxiety. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association3:415—446.
44.
Freud, A. (1936). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. Rev. ed. New York: International Universities Press, 1966.
45.
——— (1952). Notes on a connection between the states of negativism and of emotional surrender. In The Writings of Anna Freud Vol. 4. New York: International Universities Press, 1968, pp. 256—259.
46.
——— (1977). Fear, anxieties and phobic phenomena. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child32:85—90.
47.
Freud, S. (1910). The psycho-analytic view of psychogenic disturbance of vision. Standard Edition11:211—218.
48.
——— (1911). Psycho-analytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia (dementia paranoides). Standard Edition12:9—82.
49.
——— (1915). Repression. Standard Edition14:146—158.
50.
——— (1916 —1917). Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis: Lecture XVI, Anxiety. Standard Edition16:392—411.
51.
——— (1920). Beyond the pleasure principle. Standard Edition18:7—64.
52.
——— (1923). The ego and the id. Standard Edition19:12—66.
53.
——— (1926). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. Standard Edition20:87—174.
54.
——— (1930). Civilization and its discontents. Standard Edition21:64—145.
55.
——— (1933). New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. Standard Edition22:5—182.
56.
——— (1940). An outline of psycho-analysis. Standard Edition23:144—207.
57.
Fried, R. (1980). Rorschach and Icarus. In Borderline Phenomena and the Rorschach Test, ed. J.S. Kwawer, H.D. Lerner, P.M. Lerner, & A. Sugarman.New York: International Universities Press, pp. 107—132.
58.
Friedman, L.J. (1953). Defensive aspects of orality. International Journal of Psychoanalysis34:304—312.
59.
Frijling-Schreuder, E. (1969). Borderline states in children. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child24:307—327.
60.
Frosch, A. (1995). Preconceptually organized emotion. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association43:423—447.
61.
Frosch, J. (1967). Delusional fixity, sense of conviction, and the psychotic conflict. International Journal of Psychoanalysis48:474—495.
62.
——— (1973). Technique in regard to some specific ego defects in the treatment of borderline patients. Psychiatric Quarterly45:1—5.
63.
——— (1983). The Psychotic Process. New York: International Universities Press.
64.
Furst, S. (1995). Trauma. In Psycho-analysis: The Major Concepts, ed. B. Moore & B. Fine.New Haven : Yale University Press, pp. 306—316.
65.
Gaddini, E. (1992). A Psychoanalytic Theory of Infantile Experience : Conceptual and Clinical Reflections, ed. A. Limentani. London: Tavistock/Routledge.
66.
Garwood, A. (1966). The holocaust and the power of powerlessness: Survivor guilt, an unhealed wound. British Journal of Psychotherapy13:243—258.
67.
Gediman, H.K. (1983). Annihilation anxiety: The experience of deficit in neurotic compromise formation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis64:59—70
68.
Gedo, J., & Goldberg, A. (1973). Models of the Mind: A Psychoanalytic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
69.
Geleerd, E. (1958). Borderline states in childhood and adolescence . Psychoanalytic Study of the Child13:279—295.
70.
Glover, E. (1938). The psychoanalysis of affects. In On the Early Development of Mind. New York: International Universities Press, pp. 297—306.
71.
Goldberger, M., ED. (1996). Danger and Defense. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
72.
Gray, P. (1994). The Ego and Analysis of Defense. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
73.
Greenacre, P. (1941). The predisposition to anxiety (Parts 1 & 2) . Psychoanalytic Quarterly10:66—94, 610—638.
74.
——— (1952). Trauma, Growth and Personality. New York: Norton.
75.
——— (1953). Certain relationships between fetishism and the faulty development of the body image. In Emotional Growth. New York: International Universities Press , pp. 9—30.
76.
Greenson, R. (1959). Phobia, anxiety, and depression. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association7:663—674.
77.
Greenspan, S.I. (1989). The Development of the Ego: Implications for Personality Theory, Psychopathology, and the Psychotherapeutic Process. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
78.
Grotstein, J. (1984). A proposed revision of the psychoanalytic concept of the death instinct. In The Yearbook of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, ed. R.J. Langs.New York: Gardner Press, pp. 299—326.
79.
——— (1990). Nothingness, meaninglessness, chaos and the “Black Hole”: I. The importance of nothingness, meaninglessness and chaos in psychoanalytic theory. Contemporary Psychoanalysis26:257—290.
80.
Grubrich-Simitis, I. (1984). Concretism to metaphor: Children of holocaust survivors. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child39:301—319.
81.
Guntrip, H. (1961). Personality Structure and Human Interaction: The Developing Synthesis of Psychodynamic Theory. New York : International Universities Press.
82.
——— (1969). Schizoid Phenomena, Object Relations, and the Self. New York: International Universities Press.
83.
Hartmann, H. (1953). Contribution to the metapsychology of schizophrenia . Psychoanalytic Study of the Child8:177—198.
84.
Heilbrunn, G. (1955). The basic fear. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association3:447—465.
85.
Heimann, P. (1942). A contribution to the problem of sublimation and its relation to processes of internalization. International Journal of Psychoanalysis23:8—17.
86.
Hopper, E. (1991). Encapsulation against a fear of annihilation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis72:607—624.
87.
Hurvich, M. (1989). Traumatic moment, basic dangers and annihilation anxiety. Psychoanalytic Psychology6:309—323.
88.
——— (1991). Annihilation anxiety: An introduction. In Psychoanalytic Reflections on Current Issues, ed. H. Siegel, L. Barbanel, I. Hirsch, J. Lasky, H. Silverman, & S. Warshaw.New York: New York University Press, pp. 135—154.
89.
——— (1997). Classics revisited: “The ego in anxiety” (M. Schur, 1953) and “An addendum to Freud's theory of anxiety” (C. Brenner, 1953). Psychoanalytic Review84:483—504.
90.
——— (2000). Fears of being overwhelmed and psychoanalytic theories of anxiety. Psychoanalytic Review87:615—649.
91.
——— (2002a). A proposed expansion of the danger series: Annihilation as present and potential threat. Weil Memorial Lecture, Institute for Psychoanalytic Research and Training, New York.
92.
——— (2002b). Symbolization, desymbolization and annihilation anxieties. In Symbolization and Desymbolization: Essays in Honor of Norbert Freedman, ed. R. Lasky.New York: Karnac, pp. 347—365.
93.
——— (in press). Psychic trauma and annihilation anxieties. In Living with Terror, Working with Trauma: A Clinician's Handbook, ed. D. Knafo.Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
94.
——— Benveniste, P., Howard, J., & Coonerty, S. (1993). The assessment of annihilation anxiety from projective tests. Perceptual and Motor Skills77:387—401.
95.
——— & Simha-Alpern, A. (1997). Annihilation anxiety in psychosomatic disorders. In Mind-Body Problems: Psychotherapy with Psychosomatic Disorders, ed. J. Finel.Northvale, NJ: Aronson, pp. 57—91.
96.
Jacobson, E. (1967). Psychotic Conflict and Reality. New York: International Universities Press.
97.
Jones, E. (1926). The origin and structure of the superego. International Journal of Psychoanalysis7:303—311.
98.
——— (1929). Fear, guilt and hate. International Journal of Psychoanalysis10:383—397.
99.
Kaiser, S. (1952). Body ego during orgasm. Psychoanalytic Quarterly21:153—168.
100.
Karon B. (1992). The fear of understanding schizophrenia. Psychoanalytic Psychology9:191—211.
101.
Kernberg, O. (1967). Borderline personality organization. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association15:641—685.
102.
Klein, M. (1929). Infantile anxiety-situations reflected in a work of art and in the creative impulse. In Love, Guilt and Reparation and Other Works 1921—1945. New York: Delacorte Press, 1975, pp. 210—218.
103.
——— (1935). A contribution to the psychogenesis of manic-depressive states. In Love, Guilt and Reparation and Other Works 1921—1945 . New York: Delacorte Press, 1975, pp. 262—289.
104.
——— (1946). Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. International Journal of Psychoanalysis27:99—110.
105.
Kohut, H. (1972). Thoughts on narcissism and narcissistic rage. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child27:360—400.
106.
——— (1977). The Restoration of the Self. New York: International Universities Press.
107.
Kris, E. (1950). Notes on the development and on some current problems of psychoanalytic child psychology. In The Selected Papers of Ernst Kris. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975, pp. 54—79.
108.
Krystal, H. (1988). Integration and Self Healing. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
109.
Laforgue, R. (1930). On the erotization of anxiety. International Journal of Psychoanalysis11:312—321.
110.
Lane, R.C., & Goeltz, W.B. (1998). Identity confusion, bisexuality, and flight from the mother. Clinical Psychology Review18:259—272.
111.
Levin, R., & Hurvich, M. (1995). Nightmares and annihilation anxiety. Psychoanalytic Psychology12:247—258.
112.
Lewin, B. (1952). The Selected Writings of Bertram Lewin, ed. J.A. Arlow. New York : Psychoanalytic Quarterly.
113.
Lichtenstein, H. (1964). The malignant no: Instinctual drives and the sense of self. In The Dilemma of Human Identity. New York: Aronson, 1977, pp. 293—322.
114.
Little, M. (1958). On delusional transference (transference psychosis) . In Transference Neurosis and Transference Psychosis: Toward Basic Unity. New York: Aronson, 1981, pp. 88—91.
115.
——— (1960). On basic unity (primary total undifferentiatedness) . In Transference Neurosis and Transference Psychosis: Toward Basic Unity. New York: Aronson, 1981, pp. 109—125.
116.
Loewald, H. (1951). Ego and reality. International Journal of Psychoanalysis32:10—18.
117.
Loewenstein, R. (1940). The vital or somatic instincts. International Journal of Psychoanalysis21:377—400.
118.
——— (1964). Symptom formation and character formation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis45:155—157.
119.
Mack, J.E. (1970). Nightmares and Human Conflict. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
120.
Mahl, G.F. (1969). Psychological Conflict and Defense. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
121.
Mahler, M. (1966). Notes on the development of basic moods: The depressive affect. In The Selected Papers of Margaret S. Mahler: Vol. 2. Separation-Individuation. New York: Aronson, 1979, pp. 59—75.
122.
——— & Furer, M. (1968). On Human Symbiosis and the Vicissitudes of Individuation . New York: International Universities Press.
123.
Main M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Stranger Situation. In Attachment in the Pre-school Years, ed. M. Greenberg, D. Cichetti, & E. Cummings.Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 121—160.
124.
Matte-Blanco, I. (1988). Thinking, Feeling and Being. London: Routledge.
125.
Mcdougall, J. (1989). Theaters of the Body. New York : Norton.
126.
Meltzer, D. (1975). Adhesive identification. Contemporary Psychoanalysis11:289—310.
127.
Milrod, B., Busch, F., Cooper, A., & Shapiro, T. (1997). Manual of Panic-Focused Psychodynamic Psychotherapy . Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
128.
Mitrani, J. (1993). “Unmentalized” experience in the etiology and treatment of psychosomatic asthma. Contemporary Psychoanalysis29:314—342.
129.
Moore, B., & Fine, B. , EDS. (1990). Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts . New Haven: Yale University Press .
130.
——— ——— EDS. (1995). Psychoanalysis: The Major Concepts. New Haven: Yale University Press.
131.
Nackla, F., & Jackson, G. (1993). Picking Up the Pieces: Two Accounts of a Psychoanalytic Journey. New Haven: Yale University Press.
132.
Nersessian, E., & Kopff Jr., R.G., EDS. (1996). Textbook of Psychoanalysis . Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
133.
Ogden, T.H. (1989). The Primitive Edge of Experience. New York: Aronson.
134.
Pao, P.-N.( 1979). Schizophrenic Disorders. New York : International Universities Press.
135.
Pfeffer, C. (1986). The Suicidal Child. New York : Guilford Press.
136.
Pine, F. (1974). On the concept of borderline in children. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child29:341—368.
137.
Pulver, S. (1971). Can affects be unconscious?International Journal of Psychoanalysis52:347—354.
138.
Rangell, L. (1955). On the psychoanalytic theory of anxiety: A statement of a unitary theory. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association3:389—414.
139.
——— (1968). A further attempt to resolve the problem of anxiety . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association16:371—404.
140.
——— (1978). On understanding and treating anxiety and its derivatives. International Journal of Psychoanalysis59:229—236.
141.
Rapaport, D. (1960). Psychoanalysis as a developmental theory. In The Collected Papers of David Rapaport, ed. M.M. Gill.New York: Basic Books, 1967, pp. 820—852.
142.
Reich, A. (1960). Pathologic forms of self-esteem regulation. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child15:215—232.
143.
Reichard, S., & Tillman, C. (1950). Murder and suicide as a defense against schizophrenic psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychopathy11:149—163.
144.
Reik,T. ( 1941). Aggression from anxiety. International Journal of Psychoanalysis22:7—16.
145.
Ritvo, S. (1981). Anxiety, symptom formation, and ego autonomy. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child36:339—364.
146.
Rosen, J. (1950). The survival function of schizophrenia. In Direct Analysis: Selected Papers of John Rosen. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1961, pp. 106—119.
147.
Rosenfeld, S., & Sprince, M. (1963). An attempt to formulate the concept borderline . Psychoanalytic Study of the Child18:603—635.
148.
Rothstein, A., ED. (1986). The Reconstruction of Trauma: Its Significance in Clinical Work. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
149.
Sandler J. (1960). The background of safety. In From Safety to Superego: Selected Papers. New York: Guilford Press, 1987, pp. 1—8.
150.
——— (1967). Trauma, strain and development. In From Safety to Superego: Selected Papers. New York: Guilford Press, 1987, pp. 127—141.
151.
Schaffer, C. (2000). The development and psychometric properties of the affect regulation scale. Unpublished manuscript.
152.
Schur, M. (1953). The ego in anxiety. In Drives, Affects and Behavior, ed. R.M. Loewenstein. New York: International Universities Press, pp. 67—103.
153.
——— (1971). Metapsychological aspects of phobias in adults . In The Unconscious Today: Essays in Honor of Max Schur, ed. M. Kanzer.New York: International Universities Press, pp. 97—118.
154.
Searles, H. (1961). The source of anxiety in paranoid schizophrenia . In Collected Papers on Schizophrenia and Related Subjects . New York: International Universities Press, pp. 465—486.
155.
Sechehaye, M.A. (1951a). Symbolic Realization: A New Method of Psychotherapy Applied to a Case of Schizophrenia. New York: International Universities Press.
156.
——— (1951b). Autobiography of a Schizophrenic Girl. New York: Grune & Stratton.
157.
Segal, H. (1972). A delusional system as a defence against the re-emergence of a catastrophic situation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis53:393—401.
158.
Shapiro, D. (1988). Discussion of M. Hurvich, “The assessment of annihilation anxiety from projective tests.” Conference on Projective Tests and Psychotherapy, Austin Riggs Center, June.
159.
Shengold, L. (1989). Soul Murder: The Effect of Childhood Abuse and Deprivation. New Haven: Yale University Press.
160.
Silber, A. (1989). Panic attacks facilitating recall and mastery: Implications for psychoanalytic technique. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association37:337—364.
161.
Smith, S. (1965). The adolescent murderer. Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry13:301—319.
162.
Socarides, C. (1973). Sexual perversion and the fear of engulfment. International Journal ofPsychoanalytic Psychotherapy2:432—448.
163.
Spitz, R. (1950). Anxiety in infancy: A study of its manifestations in the first year of life. International Journal of Psychoanalysis31:138—143.
164.
Stern, M. (1951). Anxiety, trauma, and shock. Psychoanalytic Quarterly20:179—203.
165.
——— (1968). Fear of death and neurosis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association16:3—31.
166.
Stoller, R. (1975). Perversion: The Erotic Form of Hatred. New York: Pantheon.
167.
Sullivan. H.S. (1956). Clinical Studies in Psychiatry. New York: Norton.
168.
Summers, F. (1994). Object Relations Theories and Psychopathology . Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press .
169.
Tahka, V. (1993). Mind and Its Treatment. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
170.
Taylor, S., ED. (1999). Anxiety Sensitivity: Theory, Research and Treatment of the Fear of Anxiety. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
171.
Teixeira, M. (1984). Annihilation anxiety in schizophrenia: Metaphor or dynamic? Psychotherapy21:377—381.
172.
Terr, L. (1984). Time and trauma. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child39:633—665.
173.
Trimble, M.R. (1981). Post-traumatic Neurosis: From Railway Spine to Whiplash. New York: Wiley.
174.
Trosman, H. (1990). Transformations of unconscious fantasy in art . Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association38:47—59.
175.
Tustin, F. (1972). Autism and Childhood Psychosis. London: Hogarth Press.
176.
——— (1981). Psychological birth and psychological catastrophe . In Do I Dare Disturb the Universe? A Memorial to W.R. Bion , ed. J.S. Grotstein.London: Karnac, pp. 181—196.
177.
Ullman, R., & Brothers, D. (1988). The Shattered Self. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
178.
Van Der Kolk, B., Mcfarlane, A., & Weisaeth, L. (1996). Traumatic Stress: The Effects of Overwhelming Experience on Body, Mind, and Society. New York: Guilford Press.
179.
Waelder, R. (1936). The principle of multiple function. Psychoanalytic Quarterly5:45—62.
180.
——— (1960). Basic Theory of Psychoanalysis. New York: International Universities Press.
181.
——— (1962). Book review essay: Psychoanalysis, scientific method, and philosophy. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association10:617—637.
182.
——— (1967). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety, forty years later. Psychoanalytic Quarterly36:1—36.
183.
Weiland, I.H., & Rudnick, R. (1961). Considerations of the development and treatment of autistic childhood psychosis. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child6:549—563.
184.
Weiss, E. (1964). Agoraphobia in the Light of Ego Psychology. New York: Grune & Stratton.
185.
Winnicott, D. (1958). The capacity to be alone. In The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. London: Hogarth Press, 1965, pp. 29—36.
186.
——— (1960). The theory of the infant-parent relationship. In The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment. London: Hogarth Press, 1965, pp. 37—55.
187.
——— (1974). Fear of breakdown. International Review of Psychoanalysis1:103—107.
188.
Wurmser, L. (1980—1981). Phobic core in the addictions and the paranoid process. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy8:311—335.
189.
Yorke, C., & Wiseberg, S. (1976). A developmental view of anxiety. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child31:107—135.
190.
Zetzel, E. (1949). Anxiety and the capacity to bear it. In The Capacity For Emotional Growth. New York: International Universities Press, 1970, pp. 33—52.
