Four basic negotiating strategies are analyzed along with the outcomes they encourage and the determinants of their use. Guidelines for influencing the strategic choice of one's bargaining partners are also presented with an emphasis on techniques for encouraging one's adversaries to move away from contentious behavior and toward problem solving.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BAZERMAN, M. H. and M. A. NEALE (1983) “Heuristics in negotiation: limitation to dispute resolution effectiveness,” in M. H. Bazerman and R. J. Lewicki (eds.) Negotiations in Organizations. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
2.
BENTON, A. A. and D. DRUCKMAN (1973) “Salient solutions and the bargaining behavior of representatives and nonrepresentatives.”Int. J. of Group Tensions3: 28-29.
3.
BENTON, A. A. and D. DRUCKMAN (1974) “Constituent's bargaining orientation and intergroup negotiations.”J. of Applied Social Psychology4: 141-150.
4.
BEN-YOAV, O. and D. G. PRUITT (forthcoming a) “Resistance to yielding and the expectation of cooperative future interaction in negotiation.”J. of Experimental Social Psychology.
5.
BEN-YOAV, O. and D. G. PRUITT (fothcoming b) “Accountability to constituents: a two edged sword.” Organization Behavior and Human Performance.
6.
BLAKE, R. R. and J. S. MOUTON (1964) The Managerial Grid. Houston: Gulf.
7.
CARNEVALE, P. J. D. , D. SHERER, and D. G. PRUITT (1979) “Some determinants of concession rate and distributive tactics in negotiation.” Presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.
8.
CLARK, M. S. and J. MILLS (1979) “Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships.”J. of Personality and Social Psychology37: 12-24.
9.
DEUTSCH, M. (1973) The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Processes. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
10.
FILLEY, A. C. (1975) Interpersonal Conflict Resolution. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
11.
FISHER, R. and W. URY (1981) Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
12.
FORCEY, B. , M. R. VAN SLYCK, P. J. D. CARNEVALE, and D. G. PRUITT (1983) “Looking strong: gender differences in negotiation behavior under constituent surveillance.” Presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.
13.
FREEDMAN, L. (1982) “The war of the Falkland Islands, 1982.”Foreign Affairs61: 196-210.
14.
FRY, W. R. , I. J. FIRESTONE, and D. WILLIAMS (1979) “Bargaining process in mixed-singles dyads: loving and losing.” Presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Philadelphia.
15.
GLADWIN, T. N. , and I. WALTER (1980) Multinationals Under Fire: Lessons in the Management of Conflict. New York: John Wiley.
16.
HATTON, J. M. (1967) “Reactions of negroes in a biracial bargaining situation.”J. of Personality and Social Psychology7: 301-306.
17.
ISEN, A. M. and P. F. LEVIN (1972) “Effect of feeling good on helping: cookies and kindness.”J. of Personality and Social Psychology21: 384-388.
18.
KELLEY, H., H. (1971) Attribution in Social Interaction. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
19.
KELLEY, H., H. and D. P. SCHENITZKI (1972) “Bargaining,” in C. G. McClintock (ed.) Experimental Social Psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
20.
KELLEY, H. H. , L. L. BECKMAN, and C. S. FISCHER (1967) “Negotiating the division of reward under incomplete information.”J. of Experimental Social Psychology3: 361-398.
21.
KELLEY, H. H. , L. L. BECKMAN, C. S. FISCHER, D. G. PRUITT, J. M. MAGENAU, E. KONAR-GOLDBAND, and P. J. D. CARNEVALE (1980) “Effects of trust aspiration and gender on negotiation tactics.”J. of Personality and Social Psychology38: 9-23.
22.
KLIMOSKI, R. J. (1972) “The effects of intragroup forces on intergroup conflict resolution.”Org. Behavior and Human Performance8: 363-383.
23.
KLIMOSKI, R. J. and R. A. ASH (1974) “Accountability and negotiation behavior.”Org. Behavior and Human Performance11: 409-425.
24.
KOGAN, N. , H. LAMM, and G. TROMMSDORFF (1972) “Negotiation constraints in the risk-taking domain: effects of being observed by partners of higher or lower status.”J. of Personality and Social Psychology23: 143-156.
25.
KRIESBERG, L. (1973) The Sociology of Social Conflict. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
26.
LONGLEY, J. and D. G. PRUITT (1980) “A critique of Janis's theory of groupthink,” in L. Wheeler (ed.) Review of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 1. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
27.
McGILLICUDDY, N. B. , D. G. PRUITT and H. SYNA (1983) “Perceptions of firmness and cooperativeness in negotiation.” Presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Philadelphia.
28.
MICHENER, H. A. , J. J. VASKE, S. L. SCHLEIFER, J. G. PLAZEWSKI, and L. J. CHAPMAN (1975) “Factors affecting concession rate and threat usage in bilateral conflict.”Sociometry38: 62-80.
29.
MORLEY, I. E. and J. M. STEPHENSON (1977) The Social Psychology of Bargaining. London: Allen & Unwin.
30.
PRUITT, D. G. (1983) “Achieving integrative agreements,” in M. H. Bazerman and R. J. Lewicki (eds.) Negotiations in Organizations. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
31.
PRUITT, D. G. (1981) Negotiation Behavior. New York: Academic.
32.
PRUITT, D. G. and P. J. D. CARNEVALE (1982) “The development of integrative agreements,” in V. J. Derlega and J. Grzelak (eds.) Cooperation and Helping Behavior. New York: Academic.
33.
PRUITT, D. G. and H. SYNA (1983) “Successful problem solving,”in D. Tjosvold and D. W. Johnson (eds.) Productive Conflict Management. New York: Irvington.
34.
PRUITT, D. G. , P. J. D. CARNEVALE, O. BEN-YOAV, T. H. NOCHAJSKI, and M. R. VAN SLYCK (1983) “Incentives for cooperation in integrative bargaining,” in R. Tietz (ed.) Aspiration Levels in Bargaining and Economic Decision Making. Berlin: Springer.
35.
RAHIM, M. A. (1983) “A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict.”Academy of Management J.26: 368-376.
36.
RUBLE, T. L. and K. W. THOMAS (1976) “Support for a two-dimensional model of conflict behavior.”Org. Behavior and Human Performance16: 143-155.
37.
SCHELLING, T. C. (1966) Arms and Influence. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
38.
SNYDER, G. H. and P. DIESING (1977) Conflict Among Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
39.
SOLOMON, L. (1960) “The influence of some types of power relationships and game strategies upon the development of interpersonal trust.”J. of Abnormal and Social Psychology61: 223-230.
40.
THOMAS, K. W. (1976) “Conflict and conflict management,” in M. D. Dunnette (ed.) Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
41.
WALL, J. A., Jr. (1977) “Intergroup bargaining: effects of opposing constituent's stance, opposing representative's bargaining, and representative's locus of control.”J. of Conflict Resolution21: 459-474.
42.
WALL, J. A., Jr. (1975) “Effects of constituent trust and representative bargaining orientation on intergroup bargaining.”J. of Personality and Social Psychology31: 1004-1012.
43.
WALTON, R. E. (1969) Interpersonal Peacemaking: Confrontations and Third Party Consultation. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
44.
WALTON, R. E. and R. B. McKERSIE (1965) A Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations. New York; McGraw-Hill.