Living in certain neighborhoods may exacerbate the poverty problem by affecting the life chances of people negatively. The important question is by which mechanisms the disadvantaged positions of the inhabitants of an area are reinforced. A reduced access to the job market, social isolation, stigmatization, and limited access to social citizenship rights can be seen as the most important mechanisms. What it means to be poor and live in a “poverty pocket” is explained by Dahrendorf's conceptualization of the idea of life chances, which can be unfolded in a provision, an entitlements, and a ligatures component. Although still much research is needed, it is concluded that living in poverty pockets affect life chances. This has not only to do with the quality of goods and services offered but maybe even more so with the difficult access poor people in poverty pockets have to provisions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Agnew, J. (1987). Place and politics. Boston: Allen and Unwin.
2.
Aird, A. (1977). Goods and services. In F. Williams (Ed.), Why the poor pay more (pp. 7-28). London: National Consumer Council.
3.
Anderiesen, G. , & Reijndorp, A. (1990). Eigenlijk een geniale wijk: dagelijks leven in de Indische Buurt. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.
4.
Anderson, E. (1989). Sex codes and family life among poor inner-city youths. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501, 59-78.
5.
Baldock, J. (1993). Patterns of change in the delivery of welfare in Europe. In P. Taylor Gooby & R. Lawson (Eds.), Markets and managers: New issues in the delivery of welfare (pp. 24-37). Philadelphia: Open University Press.
6.
Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. New York: Free Press.
7.
Bourdieu, P. (1983). Ökonomisches Kapital, kulturelles Kapital, soziales Kapital. In R. Kreckel (Ed.), Soziale Ungleichheiten. Soziale Welt, Sonderband 2 (pp. 183-198). Göttingen, Germany: Verlag Otto Schwartz.
8.
Caplovitz, D. (1963). The poor pay more: Consumer practices of low-income families. London: Free Press.
9.
Castells, M. , & Mollenkopf, J. H. (1991). Conclusion: Is New York a dual city? In J. H. Mollenkopf & M. Castells (Eds.), Dual city: Restructuring New York (pp. 399-418). New York: Russell Sage.
10.
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) . (1995). Statistiek van de algemene bijstand 1993. Voorburg/Heerlen, the Netherlands: Author.
11.
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) . (1996a). De nationale economie in 1995. Voorburg/Heerlen, the Netherlands: Author.
12.
Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) . (1996b). Wonen en leren in Nederland. Voorburg/Heerlen, the Netherlands: Author.
13.
Cohen, S. (1985). Visions of social control: Crime, punishment and classification. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
14.
Cooke, P. (1989). Localities: The changing face of Britain. London: Unwin Hyman.
15.
Dahrendorf, R. (1979). Life chances. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
16.
Dahrendorf, R. (1987). The modern social conflict: An essay on the politics of liberty. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
17.
Den Broeder, C. (1996). Institutions at work: Commitment and flexibility on the German and Dutch labour markets. The Hague: CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis.
18.
De Vos, S. (1997). De omgeving telt. Amsterdam: Instituut voor Sociale Geografie.
19.
Duncan, S. (1989). What is locality? In R. Peet & N. Thrift (Eds.), New models in geography (Vol. 2, pp. 221-255). London: Unwin Hyman.
20.
Einerhand, M. , Kerklaan, M., Metz, H., Siegelaer, E., & Vliegenthart, M. (1995). Sociale Zekerheid: Stelsels en regelingen in enkele Europese landen. Den Haag, the Netherlands: Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid/VUGA.
21.
Engbersen, G. (1990). Publieke Bijstandsgeheimen. Het ontstaan van een onderklasse in Nederland. Leiden/Antwerpen, the Netherlands: Stenfert Kroese.
22.
Engbersen, G. , & Van der Veen, R. (1987). Moderne armoede: Overleven op het sociaal minimum. Leiden, the Netherlands: Stenfert Kroese.
23.
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Oxford, UK: Polity.
24.
Goetze, R. (1979). Understanding neighborhood change: The role of expectations in urban revitalization. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
25.
Henderson, J. , & Karn, V. (1987). Race, class and state housing: Inequality and the allocation of public housing in Britain. Aldershot, UK: Gower.
26.
Hirsh, F. (1977). The social limits to growth. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
27.
Jahoda, M. , Lazarsfeld, P. H., & Zeisl, H. (1933). Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal: Ein soziographischer Versuch über die Wirkungen langdauernder Arbeitslosigkeit. Leipzig, Germany: Verlag von S. Hirzel.
28.
Johnston, R. S. (1984). Residential segregation, the state and constitutional conflicts in American urban areas. London: Academic Press.
29.
Kasarda, J. D. (1989). Urban industrial transition and the underclass. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501, 26-47.
30.
Kasarda, J. D. (1990). Structural factors affecting the location and timing of urban underclass growth. Urban Geography, 11(3), 234-264.
31.
Knox, P. (1989). Urban social geography: An introduction. Harlow, UK: Longman.
32.
Kroft, H. , Engbersen, G., Schuyt, K., & Van Waarden, F. (1989). Een tijd zonder werk; een onderzoek naar de levenswereld van langdurig werklozen. Leiden/Antwerpen, the Netherlands: Stenfert Kroese.
33.
Kroon, L. (1996). Minimabelangen gemeentelijk gewogen. Amsterdam: FNV.
34.
Lewis, O. (1968). The culture of poverty. In D. P. Moynihan (Ed.), On understanding poverty: Perspectives from the social sciences (pp. 187-200). New York: Basic Books.
35.
Lipsky, M. (1980). Street level bureaucracy. New York: Russell Sage.
36.
Marcuse, P. (1993). What's so new about divided cities?International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 17(3), 355-365.
37.
Marsden, D. , & Duff, E. (1975). Workless: Some unemployed men and their families. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
38.
Marshall, T. H. (1965). Class, citizenship and social development. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
39.
Massey, D. (1984). Spatial divisions of labour: Social structures and the geography of production. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan.
40.
Massey, D. (1994). Space, lace and gender. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
41.
Massey, D. S. , & Eggers, M. L. (1993). The spatial concentration of affluence and poverty during the 1970s. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 29(2), 299-315.
42.
Musterd, S. (1996). Ruimtelijke segregatie en sociale effecten. Assen, the Netherlands: Van Gorcum.
43.
Mingione, E. (1991). Fragmented societies: A sociology of economic life beyond the market paradigm. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
44.
Morris, L. (1994). Dangerous classes: The underclass and social citizenship. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
45.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) . (1996). The employment outlook 1996. Paris: Author.
46.
OSA . (1996). Soepel geregeld. Instituties en efficientie van de arbeidsmarkt. Den Haag, the Netherlands: Author.
47.
Paasi, A. (1991). Deconstructing regions: Notes on the scales of spatial life. Environment and Planning A, 23, 239-256.
48.
Pahl, R. E. (1985). The restructuring of capital, the local political economy and household working strategies. In D. Gregory & J. Urry (Eds.), Social relations and spatial structures (pp. 242-264). London: Macmillan.
49.
Pahl, R. E. (1988). Some remarks on informal work, social polarization and the social structure. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 12, 247-267.
50.
Pred, A. (1984). Place as historically contingent process: Structuration and the time geography of becoming places. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 74(2), 279-297.
51.
Renooy, P. H. (1990). The informal economy: Meaning, measurement and social significance. Amsterdam: Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Regioplan.
52.
Rommelspacher, Th. , & Oelschlagel, D. (1989). Armut im Ruhrgebiet—Regionale Entwicklungstrends und kleinraumige Prozesse am Beispiel eines Duisburgers Elendsgebietes. In I. Breckner, M. Krummacher, D. Oelschlagel, Th. Rommelspacher, & K. M. Schmals (Eds.), Armut im Reichtum (pp. 275-292). Bochum, Germany: Germinal Verlag.
53.
Social Cultureel Planbureau (SCP) . (1996). Sociaal en cultureel rapport 1996. Rijswijk, the Netherlands: Author.
54.
Soja, E. (1985). The spatiality of social life: Towards a transformative retheorisation. In D. Gregory & J. Urry (Eds.), Social relations and spatial structures (pp. 90-127). London: Macmillan.
55.
Storper, M. (1985). The spatial and temporal constitution of social action: A critical reading of Giddens. Environment and Planning D, 3, 407-424.
56.
Sullivan, M. L. (1989). Absent fathers in the inner city. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501, 48-59.
57.
Testa, M. , Astone, N. M., Krogh, M., & Neckerman, K. M. (1989). Employment and marriage among inner-city fathers. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 501, 79-91.
58.
Thrift, N. (1979). Unemployment in the inner city: Urban problem or structural imperative. A review of the British experience. In D. T. Herbert & R. J. Johnston (Eds.), Geography and the urban environment (Vol. 2, pp. 125-226). London: Wiley.
59.
Thrift, N. (1983). On the determination of social action in space and time. Environment and Planning D, 1(1), 23-57.
60.
Van der Pennen, T. , & Wuertz, K. (1985). Bouwen voor de kleurrijke buurt. 's-Gravenhage, the Netherlands: VUGA.
61.
Van Kempen, E. T. (1992). Tussen zorg en zakelijkheid. Amsterdam: Stedelijke Netwerken/Department of Human Geography.
62.
Van Kempen, E. T. (1994). The dual city and the poor: Social polarisation, social segregation and life chances. Urban Studies, 31(7), 995-1015.
63.
Van Kempen, R. , & Bolt, G. (1997). Turks in the Netherlands: Urban segregation and neighborhood choice. American Behavioral Scientist, 41(3), 367-388.
64.
Verhoef, P. (1997). Het imago van de Bijlmermeer. Unpublished manuscript, Instituut voor Sociale Geografie, Amsterdam.
65.
VNO-NCW . (1995). Trends, cijfers en actualiteiten in de sociale zekerheid. Den Haag, the Netherlands: Author.
66.
Wacquant, L.J.D. (1993). Urban outcasts: Stigma and division in the Black American ghetto and the French urban periphery. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 17(3), 366-383.
67.
Wacquant, L.J.D. (1994). The new urban color line: The state and the fate of the ghetto in postfordist America. In C. J. Calhoun (Ed.), Social theory and the politics of identity (pp. 231-276). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
68.
Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
69.
Wilson, W. J. (1991). Studying inner-city dislocations: The challenge of public agenda research. American Sociological Review, 56(1), 1-14.
