Recent Advances in the Empirical Study of Shame and Guilt

Ausubel, D. P. (1955). Relationships between shame and guilt in the socializing process. Psychological Review, 62, 378-390.

Baumeister, R. F. , Stillwell, A. M. , & Heatherton, T. F. (1994). Guilt: An interpersonal approach. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 243-267.

Benedict, R. (1946). The chrysanthemum and the sword. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Bradshaw, J. (1988). Healing the shame that binds you. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, Inc.

Burggraf, S. A. , & Tangney, J. P. (1989, June). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and self-concept. Poster presented at the meetings of the American Psychological Society, Alexandria, VA.

Burggraf, S. A. , & Tangney, J. P. (1990, June). Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and attributional style related to children's depression. Poster presented at the meetings of the American Psychological Society, Dallas.

Damon, W. (1988). The moral child: Nurturing children's natural moral growth. New York: Free Press.

Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.

Derogatis, L. R. , Lipman, R. S. , & Covi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric ratings scale—preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9, 13-28.

Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic cognition, emotion, and behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Eisenberg, N. , & Miller, P. A. (1987). Empathy, sympathy and altruism: Empirical and conceptual links. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 292-316). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Falbo, T. , & Belk, S. S. (1985). A short scale to measure self-righteousness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 72-77.

Ferguson, T. J. , & Stegge, H. (1995). Emotional states and traits in children: The case of guilt and shame. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 174-197). New York: Guilford.

Ferguson, T. J. , Stegge, H. , & Damhuis, I. (1990, March). Spontaneous and elicited guilt and shame experiences in elementary school-age children. Poster presented at the Southwestern Society for Research in Human Development, Dallas.

Ferguson, T. J. , Stegge, H. , & Damhuis, I. (1991). Children's understanding of guilt and shame. Child Development, 62, 827-839.

Feshbach, N. D. (1987). Parental empathy and child adjustment/maladjustment. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 271-291). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Feshbach, N. D. , & Caskey, N. (1987). Feshbach Parent/Partner Empathy Scale. University of California, Los Angeles.

Feshbach, N. D. , & Lipian, M. (1987). The Empathy Scale for Adults. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles.

Fossum, M. A. , & Mason, M. J. (1986). Facing shame: Families in recovery. New York: Norton.

Freud, S. (1955). Notes upon a case of obsessional neurosis. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 10, pp. 155-318). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1909)

Freud, S. (1957). Mourning and melancholia. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 243-258). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1917)

Freud, S. (1961). The economic problem of masochism. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 159-170). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1924)

Gehm, T. L. , & Scherer, K. R. (1988). Relating situation evaluation to emotion differentiation: Nonmetric analysis of cross-cultural questionnaire data. In K. R. Scherer (Ed.), Facets of emotion: Recent research (pp. 61-77). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.

Goldberg, C. (1991). Understanding shame. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

Gramzow, R. , & Tangney, J. P. (1992). Proneness to shame and the narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 369-376.

Harder, D. W. (1995). Shame and guilt assessment and relationships of shame and guilt proneness to psychopathology. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 368-392). New York: Guilford.

Harder, D. W. , Cutler, L. , & Rockart, L. (1992). Assessment of shame and guilt and their relationship to psychopathology. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 584-604.

Harder, D. W. , & Lewis, S. J. (1987). The assessment of shame and guilt. In J. N. Butcher & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 6, pp. 89-114). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Harris, P. L. (1989). Children and emotion: The development of psychological understanding. New York: Basil Blackwell.

Hoblitzelle, W. (1987). Attempts to measure and differentiate shame and guilt: The relation between shame and depression. In H. B. Lewis (Ed.), The role of shame in symptom formation (pp. 207-235). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Hoffman, M. L. (1982). Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In N. Eisenberg-Berg (Ed.), Development of prosocial behavior (pp. 281-313). New York: Academic Press.

Hoffman, M. L. (1984). Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy. In C. E. Izard , J. Kagan , & R. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotion, cognition, and behavior (pp. 103-131). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. New York: International Universities Press.

Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.

Lindsay-Hartz, J. (1984). Contrasting experiences of shame and guilt. American Behavioral Scientist, 27, 689-704.

Lindsay-Hartz, J. , de Rivera, J. , & Mascolo, M. (1995). Differentiating shame and guilt and their effects on motivation. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 274-300). New York: Guilford.

Lipian, M. , & Feshbach, N. D. (1987). Empathy Scale for Children. University of California, Los Angeles.

Miller, P. A. , & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/anti-social behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344.

Morrison, A. P. (1989). Shame: The underside of narcissism. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.

Morrison, N. K. (1987). The role of shame in schizophrenia. In H. B. Lewis (Ed.), The role of shame in symptom formation (pp. 51-87). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Niedenthal, P. , Tangney, J. P. , & Gavanski, I. (1994). “If only I weren't” versus “If only I hadn't”: Distinguishing shame and guilt in counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 585-595.

Potter-Efron, R. T. (1989). Shame, guilt and alcoholism: Treatment issues in clinical practice. New York: Haworth.

Retzinger, S. R. (1987). Resentment and laughter: Video studies of the shame-rage spiral. In H. B. Lewis (Ed.), The role of shame in symptom formation (pp. 151-181). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Rodin, J. , Silberstein, L. , & Striegel-Moore, R. (1985). Women and weight: A normative discontent. In T. B. Sondregger (Ed.), Psychology and gender: Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1984. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Scheff, T. J. (1987). The shame-rage spiral: A case study of an interminable quarrel. In H. B. Lewis (Ed.), The role of shame in symptom formation (pp. 109-149). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Scheff, T. J. (1995). Conflict in family systems: The role of shame. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 393-412). New York: Guilford.

Schulman, M. , & Mekler, E. (1985). Bringing up a moral child. New York: Addison-Wesley.

Tangney, J. P. (1990). Assessing individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt: Development of the Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 102-111.

Tangney, J. P. (1991). Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 598-607.

Tangney, J. P. (1992). Situational determinants of shame and guilt in young adulthood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 199-206.

Tangney, J. P. (1993). Shame and guilt. In C. G. Costello (Ed.), Symptoms of depression. (pp. 161-180). New York: John Wiley.

Tangney, J. P. (1994). The mixed legacy of the super-ego: Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of shame and guilt. In J. M. Masling & R. F. Bornstein (Eds.), Empirical perspectives on object relations theory (pp. 1-28). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Tangney, J. P. (1995). Shame and guilt in interpersonal relationships. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 114-139). New York: Guilford.

Tangney, J. P. , Burggraf, S. A. , Hamme, H. , & Domingos, B. (1988, March). Assessing individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt: The Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory. Poster presented at the meetings of the Eastern Psychological Association, Buffalo, NY.

Tangney, J. P. , Burggraf, S. A. , & Wagner, P. E. (1995). Shame-proneness, guilt-proneness, and psychological symptoms. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 343-367). New York: Guilford.

Tangney, J. P., Marschall, D. E., Rosenberg, K., Barlow, D. H., & Wagner, P. E. (1994). Children's and adults' autobiographical accounts of shame, guilt and pride experiences: An analysis of situational determinants and interpersonal concerns. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1995). Are shame, guilt and embarrassment distinct emotions? A quantitative analysis of participant ratings. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., & Barlow, D. H. (1995). The relation of shame and guilt to empathy: An intergenerational study. Manuscript in preparation.

Tangney, J. P., Wagner, P. E., Barlow, D. H., Marschall, D. E., & Gramzow, R. (1994). The relation of shame and guilt to constructive vs. destructive responses to anger across the lifespan. Manuscript under review.(AUTHOR, HAS THIS BEEN SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION OR IS IT STILL IN PREPARATION?)

Tangney, J. P. , Wagner, P. E. , Burggraf, S. A. , Gramzow, R. , & Fletcher, C. (1991, June). Children's shame-proneness, but not guilt-proneness, is related to emotional and behavioral maladjustment. Poster presented at the meetings of the American Psychological Society, Washington, DC.

Tangney, J. P. , Wagner, P. E. , Fletcher, C. , & Gramzow, R. (1992). Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 669-675.

Tangney, J. P. , Wagner, P. , & Gramzow, R. (1992). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 469-478.

Tooke, W. S. , & Ickes, W. (1988). A measure of adherence to conventional morality. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 310-334.

Wallbott, H. G. , & Scherer, K. R. (1995). Cultural determinants in experiencing shame and guilt. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 465-487). New York: Guilford.

Wicker, F. W. , Payne, G. C. , & Morgan, R. D. (1983). Participant descriptions of guilt and shame. Motivation and Emotion, 7, 25-39.

Zahn-Waxler, C. , & Robinson, J. (1995). Empathy and guilt: Early origins of feelings of responsibility. In J. P. Tangney & K. W. Fischer (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride (pp. 143-173). New York: Guilford.