“Environmental turbulence” and high degrees of interdependence create dilemmas and paradoxes for organizations. Because critical thinking is a primary tool for dealing with dilemmas and paradoxes, the support and encouragement of critical thinking is a key characteristic of effective leadership processes. The context of current and future leadership challenges is described. The process approach to leadership is discussed and critical thinking is related to leadership. Ideas about developing leadership for the future context and current examples of such efforts are provided.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Aldrich, H. (1979). Organizations and environments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2.
Argyris, C. , & Schon, D. A. (1978). Organizational learning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
3.
Attali, J. (1991). Millennium: Winners and losers in the coming world order. New York: Random House.
4.
Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine.
5.
Bolman, L. G. , & Deal, T. E. (1984). Modern approaches to management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
6.
Bolman, L. G. , & Deal, T. E. (1991). Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
7.
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
8.
Celente, G. (1990). Trend tracking. New York: Warner Books.
9.
Cooperrider, D. L. , & Srivastva, S. (1987). Appreciative inquiry in organizational life. In R. W. Woodman & W. A. Pasmore (Eds.), Research in organizational change and development (Vol. 1, pp. 129-169). London: JAI.
10.
Emery, F. E. , & Emery, M. (1977). A choice of futures. Leiden, the Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
11.
Galbraith, J. R. (1977). Organization design. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
12.
Gemmill, G. , & Oakley, J. (1992). Leadership: An alienating social myth. Human Relations, 45, 113-129.
13.
Gustafson, B. , & Englestad, P. H. (1986). The design of conferences and the evolving role of democratic dialogue in changing working life. Human Relations, 39, 101-116.
14.
Harman, W. (1991). 21st century business: A background for dialogue. In J. Renesch (Ed.), New traditions in business: Spirit and leadership in the 21st century (pp. 19-32). San Francisco: New Leaders Press.
15.
Hayes, R. H. , & Wheelwright, S. C. (1984). Restoring our competitive edge: Competing through manufacturing. New York: Wiley.
16.
Hitchcock, D. (1983). Critical thinking: A guide to evaluating information. Toronto: Methuen.
17.
Huff, A. S. (1978, August). Mutilectic methods of inquiry. Paper presented at the 38th annual meeting of the Academy of Management, San Francisco.
18.
Lei, D. , & Slocum, J. (1991). Global strategic alliances. Organizational Dynamics, 19(3), 44-62.
19.
Lewis, J. (1990). Partnerships for profit: Structuring and managing strategic alliances. New York: Free Press.
20.
Linstone, H. A. (1989). Multiple perspectives: Concepts, applications, and user guidelines. Systems Practice, 2, 307-331.
21.
Lorange, P. , & Roos, J. (1991). Analytical steps in the formation of strategic alliances. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 4, 60-72.
22.
Miller, D. (1990). Icarus paradox: How exceptional companies bring about their own downfall. New York: Harper.
23.
Mills, D. Q. (1991). Rebirth of the corporation. New York: Wiley.
24.
Mitroff, I. I. (1983). Stakeholders of the organizational mind. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
25.
Mitroff, I. I. (1987). Business not as usual: Rethinking our individual, corporate, and industrial strategies for global competition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
26.
Naisbitt, J. , & Aburdene, P. (1985). Reinventing the corporation: Transforming your job and your company for the new information society. New York: Warner Books.
27.
Novelli, L. , Beard, K. M., & McLeod, P. L. (1992). Mining videotapes for evidence of learning: A research dialogue. Journal of Management Inquiry, 1, 119-129.
28.
Novelli, L. , & Gryskiewicz, S. S. (1992). The idea alliance: Helping competing organizations learn to collaborate in developing business ideas. In T. Rickards, S. Moger, P. Cokmont, & M. Tassoul (Eds.), Creativity and innovation: Quality breakthroughs. Delft, the Netherlands: TNO.
29.
Novelli, L. , & Koester, N. H. (1989). Interorganization learning networks to assist advanced manufacturing implementations. Paper presented at the Third Quality of Life/Marketing Conference, Blacksburg, VA.
30.
Ohmae, K. (1990). The borderless world: Power and strategy in the interlinked economy. New York: Harper Perennial.
31.
Paul, R. W. (1990). Critical thinking: What every person needs to know to survive in a rapidly changing world. Rohnert Park, CA: Sonoma State University, Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique.
32.
Quinn, R. E. (1988). Beyond rational management: Mastering the paradoxes and competing demands of high performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
33.
Quinn, R. E. , & Cameron, K. S. (Eds.). (1988). Paradox and transformation: Toward a theory of change in organization and management. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
34.
Reason, P. , & Rowan, J. (Eds.). (1981). Human inquiry: A sourcebook of new paradigm research. Chichester: Wiley.
35.
Rost, J. C. (1991). Leadership for the twenty-first century. New York: Praeger.
36.
Schonberger, R. J. (1986). World class manufacturing. New York: Free Press.
37.
Shrivastava, P. , & Schneider, S. (1984). Organizational frames of reference. Human Relations, 37, 795-809.
38.
Snow, C. C. , Miles, R. E., & Coleman, H. J. (1992). Managing 21st century network organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 20(3), 5-20.
39.
Thompson, J. (1967). Organizations in action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
40.
Toffler, A. (1980). The third wave. New York: Morrow.
