Economic Development and Democracy Reconsidered

Ake, C. (1991). Rethinking African democracy. Journal of Democracy, 2, 32-44.

Almond, G. & Verba, S. (1963). The civic culture. Boston: Little, Brown.

Banks, A.S. (1970). Modemization and political change: The Latin American and Amer-European nations. Comparative Political Studies, 2(4).

Barros, M. J. de. (1992). Mobilizing for democracy in Chile: The crusade for citizen participation. In L. Diamond (Ed.), The democratic revolution: struggles for freedom and pluralism in the developing world (pp. 73-88). New York: Freedom House.

Bautista, F. B. (1992). The Philippine alternative press and the toppling of a dictator. In L. Diamond (Ed.), The democratic revolution (pp. 145-166). New York: Freedom House.

Binder, L. (1971). Crises of political development. In L. Binder , J. Coleman , J. LaPalombara , L. Pye , S. Verba , & M. Weiner , Crises and sequences in political development (pp. 3-72). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Bollen, K. (1979). Political democracy and the timing of development. American Sociological Review, 44, 572-587.

Bollen, K. (1980). Issues in the comparative measurement of political democracy. American Sociological Review, 45, 370-390.

Bollen, K. (1983). World system position, dependency and democracy: The cross-national evidence. American Sociological Review, 48, 468-479.

Bollen, K. (1990). Political democracy: Conceptual and measurement traps. Studies in Comparative International Development, 25, 7-24.

Bollen, K. & Jackman, R. (1985). Political democracy and the size distribution of income. American Sociological Review, 50, 438-457.

Booth, J. A. (1989). Costa Rica: The roots of democratic stability. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Latin America (pp. 387-422). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

Booth, J. A. and Seligson, M. A. (1992). Paths to democracy and the political culture of Costa Rica, Mexico and Nicaragua. In L. Diamond (Ed.), Political culture and democracy in developing countries. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Brass, P. R (1990). The politics of India since independence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Burton, M. & Higley, J. (1987). Elite settlements. American Sociological Review, 52, 295-307.

Chazan, N. (1988). Ghana: Problems of governance and the emergence of civil society. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Africa (pp. 93-140). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Chazan, N. (1991, August). Voluntary associations, civil society and democracy in Africa: Patterns and comparative implications. Paper presented at the seminar “Democracy versus Authoritarianism in the Third World,”Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Moscow.

Cheng, T. (1989). Democratizing the quasi-Leninist regime in Taiwan. World Politics, 41, 471-499.

Coleman, J. S. (1960). Conclusion: The political systems of developing areas. In G. A. Almond & J. S. Coleman (Eds.), The politics of developing areas. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Collier, D. (1979). Overview of the bureaucratic-authoritarian model. In D. Collier (Ed.), The new authoritarianism in Latin America (pp. 19-32). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Coulter, P. (1975). Social mobilization and liberal democracy. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Cutright, P. (1963). National political development: Measurement and analysis. American Sociological Review, 28, 253-264.

Cutright, P. & Wiley, J. A. (1969). Modernization and political representation: 1927-1966. Studies in Comparative International Development, 5, 23-44.

Dahl, R. A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Das Gupta, J. (1989). India: Democratic becoming and combined development. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Asia (pp. 53-104). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Diamond, L. (1980). The social foundations of democracy: The case of Nigeria. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University.

Diamond, L. (1987). Class formation in the swollen African state. Journal of Modern African Studies, 25, 567-596.

Diamond, L. (1988a). Class, ethnicity, and democracy in Nigeria: The failure of the first republic. London: Macmillan; and Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Diamond, L. (1988b). Introduction: Roots of failure, seeds of hope. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Africa (pp. 1-32). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Diamond, L. (1988c). Nigeria: Pluralism, statism, and the struggle for democracy. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Africa (pp. 33-91). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Diamond, L. (1989). Beyond authoritarianism and totalitarianism: Strategies for democratization. Washington Quarterly 12, 141-163.

Diamond, L. (1991, March). Ripe for diffusion: International and domestic factors in the global trend toward democracy. Paper presented to the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Vancouver.

Diamond, L. (1992a). Introduction: Civil society and the struggle for democracy. In L. Diamond (Ed.), The democratic revolution: Struggles for freedom and pluralism in the developing world (pp. 1-27). New York: Freedom House.

Diamond, L. (1992b). The globalization of democracy: Trends, types, causes and prospects. In R. Slater , B. Schutz , & S. Dorr (Eds.), Global transformation and the third world. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Diamond, L. , & Linz, J. J. (1989). Introduction: Politics, society, and democracy in Latin America. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Latin America (pp. 1-58). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Diamond, L. , Linz, J. J. , & Lipset, S. M. (1990). Introduction: Comparing experiences with democracy. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Politics in developing countries: Comparing experiences with democracy (pp. 1-38). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Diamond, L. , Linz, J. J. , & Lipset, S. M. (1992). Democracy in developing countries: Persistence, failure, and renewal. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Ekpu, R. (1992). Newswatch and the struggle for press freedom in Nigeria. In L. Diamond (Ed.), The democratic revolution (pp. 181-200). New York: Freedom House.

Evans, P. (1979). Dependent development: The alliance of multinational, state, and local capital in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Fernandes, F. (1975). A Revolucao Burguesa no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Zahan Editores

Freedom House (1991). Freedom in the world: Political rights and civil liberties 1990-1991. New York: Freedom House.

Gastil, R. D. (1990). The comparative survey of freedom: Experiences and suggestions. Studies in Comparative International Development, 25, 25-50.

Gold, T. (1990). The resurgence of civil society in China. Journal of Democracy, 1(1), 18-31.

Han, S. (1989). South Korea: Politics in transition. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Asia (pp. 267-304). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Hannan, M. T. , & Carroll, G. R. (1981). Dynamics of formal political structure: An event-history analysis. American Sociological Review, 46, 19-35.

Heard, A. (1992). The struggle for free expression in South Africa. In L. Diamond (Ed.), The democratic revolution (pp. 167-179). New York: Freedom House.

Higley, J. , & Burton, M. (1989). The elite variable in democratic transitions and breakdowns. American Sociological Review, 54, 17-32.

Huntington, S. P. (1968). Political order in changing societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Huntington, S. P. (1984) Will more countries become democratic? Political Science Quarterly, 99, 193-218.

Huntington, S. P. (1991). The third wave: Democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Huntington, S. P. , & Nelson, J. M. (1976). No easy choice: Political participation in developing countries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial countries. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Inkeles, A. (1969). Participant citizenship in six developing countries. American Political Science Review, 63, 1120-1141.

Inkeles, A. (1978). National differences in individual modernity. Comparative Studies in Sociology, Vol. 1. Greenwich, CT: JAI.

Inkeles, A. , & Diamond, L. (1980). Personal qualities as a reflection of level of national development. In F. Andrews & A. Szalai (Eds.), Comparative studies on the quality of life (pp.73-109). London: Sage.

Inkeles, A. , & Smith, D. H. (1974). Becoming modern: Individual change in six developing countries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Jackman, R. W. (1973). On the relation of economic development to democratic performance. American Journal of Political Science, 17, 611-621.

Jackman, R. W. (1975). Politics and social equality: A comparative analysis. New York: Wiley.

Joseph, R. (1991). Africa: The rebirth of political freedom. Journal of Democracy, 2(3), 11-24.

Kohli, A. (1990). From majority to minority rule: Making sense of the “new” Indian politics. In M. M. Bouton & P. Oldenburg (Eds.), India briefing 1990 (pp. 1-24). Boulder, CO: Westview.

Kokole, O. H. , & Mazrui, A. A. (1988). Uganda: The dual polity and the plural society. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Africa (pp. 259-298). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Kuria, G. K. (1991). Confronting dictatorship in Kenya. Journal of Democracy, 2(3), 115-126.

LaPalombara, J. , & Weiner, M. (Eds.) (1966). Political parties and political development. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Lapidus, G. (1989). State and society: Toward the emergence of civil society in the Soviet Union. In S. Bialer (Ed.), Politics, society, and nationality: Inside Gorbachev's Russia (pp. 121-147). Boulder, CO: Westview.

Lerner, D. (1958). The passing of traditional society. New York: Free Press.

Linz, J. J. , & Stepan, A. (1989). Political crafting of democratic consolidation or destruction: European and South American comparisons. In R. A. Pastor (Ed.), Democracy in the Americas: Stopping the pendulum (pp. 41-61). New York: Holmes & Meier.

Lipset, S. M. (1960). Political man: The social bases of politics. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Lipset, S. M. (1981). Political man: The social bases of politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Lipset, S. M., Seong, K.-R., & Torres, J. C. (1991). A comparative analysis of the social requisites of democracy. Unpublished paper, Stanford University, Hoover Institution.

Martini, M. R. de. (1992). Educating for democracy in Latin America: The experience of Conciencia. In L. Diamond (Ed.), The democratic revolution (pp. 29-52). New York: Freedom House.

Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row.

McClintock, C. (1989). Peru: Precarious regimes, authoritarian and democratic. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Latin America (pp. 335-386). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

McCrone, D. J. , & Cnudde, C. F. (1967). Toward a communications theory of democratic political development: A causal model. American Political Science Review, 61, 72-79.

Meyer, J. W. (1980). The world polity and the authority of the nation-state. In A. J. Bergesen (Ed.), Studies of the modern world system (pp. 109-137). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Morris, M. (1979). Measuring the condition of the world's poor: The Physical Quality of Life Index. New York: Pergamon.

Mosca, G. (1939). The ruling class: Elementi di scienza politica. New York: Free Press. (Original work published in 1896)

Nathan, A. J. (1990). Chinese paths to democracy. Journal of Democracy, 1(2), 50-61.

Nwankwo, C. (1992). The civil liberties organisation and the struggle for human rights and democracy in Nigeria. In L. Diamond (Ed.), The democratic revolution (pp. 105-123). New York: Freedom House.

O'Donnell, G. (1973). Modernization and bureaucratic-authoritarianism: Studies in South American politics (Politics of Modernization Series, No. 9). Berkeley: University of California, Institute of International Studies.

O'Donnell, G. , & Schmitter, P. C. (1986). Transitions from authoritarian rule: Tentative conclusions about uncertain democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Olsen, M. E. (1968). Multivariate analysis of national political development. American Sociological Review, 35, 699-712.

Ozbudun, E. (1989). Turkey: Crises, interruptions, and reequilibrations. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Asia (pp. 187-230). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Pascual, D. (1992). Building a democratic political culture in the Philippines. In L. Diamond (Ed.), The democratic revolution (pp. 53-72). New York: Freedom House.

Phadnis, U. (1989). Sri Lanka: Crises of legitimacy and integration. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Asia (pp. 143-186). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Powell, G. B. Jr. (1982). Contemporary democracies: Participation, stability and violence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Rose, L. (1989). Pakistan's experiments with democracy. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Asia (pp. 105-143). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Rueschemeyer, D. (1991). Different methods—Contradictory results? Research on development and democracy. In C. C. Ragin (Ed.), Issues and alternatives in comparative social research (pp. 9-38). Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.

Russett, B. M. (1965). Trends in world politics. New York: Macmillan.

Rustow, D. A. (1970). Transitions to democracy. Comparative Politics, 2, 337-363.

Sadowski, C. (in press). Autonomous groups as agents of democratic change in communist and post-communist eastern Europe. In L. Diamond (Ed.), Political culture and democracy in developing countries. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Schlemmer, L. (1991). The turn in the road: Emerging conditions in 1990. In R. Lee & L. Schlemmer (Eds.), Transition to democracy: Policy perspectives 1991 (pp. 14-23). Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

Shah, G. (1988). Grass-roots mobilization in Indian politics. In A. Kohli (Ed.), India's democracy: An analysis of changing state-society relations (pp. 262-304). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Sirowy, L. , & Inkeles, A. (1990). The effects of democracy on economic growth and inequality: A review. Studies In Comparative National Development, 25, 126-157.

Sklar, R. L. (1965). Contradictions in the Nigerian political system. Journal of Modern African Studies, 3, 201-213.

Sklar, R. L. (1979). The nature of class domination in Africa. Journal of Modern African Studies, 17, 531-552.

Sklar, R. L. (1987). Developmental democracy. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 29, 686-714.

Slabbert, F. van Z. (1991). The basis and challenges of transition in South Africa: A review and a preview. In R. Lee & L. Schlemmer (Eds.), Transition to democracy: Policy perspectives 1991 (pp. 1-13). Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

Starr, S. F. (1988). Soviet Union: A civil society. Foreign Policy, 70, 26-41.

Stepan, A. (1988). Rethinking military politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Taylor, C. L. , & Hudson, M. C. (1972). World handbook of political and social indicators. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Thomas, G. M. , Ramirez, F. , Meyer, J. W. , & Gobalet, J. G. (1979). Maintaining national boundaries in the world system: The rise of centralist regimes. In J. Meyer & Michael Hannan (Eds.), National development and the world system (pp. 187-209). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Tocqueville, A. de. (1945). Democracy in America, Vol. 2. New York: Vintage. (Original work published in 1840).

United Nations Development Program . (1991). Human development report 1991. New York: Oxford University Press.

Weigle, M. A., & Butterfield, J. (1991). Civil society in reforming communist regimes: The logic of emergence. Unpublished paper.

Wiarda, H. J. (1989). The Dominican Republic: Mirror legacies of democracy and authoritarianism. In L. Diamond , J. J. Linz , & S. M. Lipset (Eds.), Democracy in developing countries: Latin America (pp. 423-458). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Winham, G. R. (1970). Political development and Lerner's theory: Further test of a causal model. American Political Science Review, 64, 810-818.

World Bank (1991). World development report 1991: The challenge of development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.