In an individualized learning situation, sixth graders play against computers and proceed at their own rate to learn about economic principles. Richard L. Wing is Coordinator of Curriculum Research at the Center for Educational Services and Research, Board of Cooperative Educational Services, in Northern Westchester County, New York.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Berne, Eric.Games People Play. New York: Grove Press, 1964.
2.
Caillois, Roger.Man, Play, and Games. New York: Free Press, 1961.
Long, Norton. "The Local Community as an Ecology of Games." American Journal of Sociology, 64 (1958), 251-256. Also available in Bobbs-Merrill Reprint Series.
5.
Mead, George H.Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934, Chapter 20: " Play, The Game, and the Generalized Other."
6.
Piaget, Jean.The Moral Judgment of the Child. Glencoe, Illinois : Free Press, 1948, Chapter 1.
7.
—. Play, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood. New York : W. W. Norton and Company, 1962 , Part 2.
8.
Rapoport, Anatol. Fights, Games and Debates. Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan Press, 1960.
9.
Schelling, Thomas C.The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1960 .
10.
Simmel, Georg. "Sociability: An Example of Pure, or Formal Sociology." In Kurt Wolff (ed.), The Sociology of Georg Simmel . Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press , 1950, 40-57.
11.
Abt, Clark C.Heuristic Games for Secondary Schools. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Abt Associates, 1965, mimeographed report.
12.
—. "The Rediscovery of Exploratory Play, Problem-Solving and Heuristic Gaming as a More Serious Form of Education." Paper presented at the Lake Arrowhead Conference on Innovation in Education, December, 1965.
13.
—. Games for Learning. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Educational Services, Inc., 1966.
14.
Bruner, Jerome S.Toward a Theory of Instruction. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1966 , especially 83-86, 92-96, 99, 117, 125-127, 134-135.
15.
Coleman, James S.The Adolescent Society. New York: Free Press, 1961, Chapter XI.
16.
—. Adolescents and the Schools. New York: Basic Books, 1965, especially Chapters 3, 5, and 6.
17.
Editors of Education USA, The Shape of Education for 1966-67. Washington, D.C.: National School Public Relations Association, 1966, 48-51.
18.
Gibson, John S.New Frontiers in the Social Studies. Medford, Massachusetts : Lincoln Filene Center for Citizenship and Public Affairs, 1965, 26-28.
19.
Guetzkow, Harold S. (ed.) Simulation in Social Science: Readings. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1962.
20.
Moore, 0.K., and Anderson, A.R. "Some Puzzling Aspects of Social Interaction." In J. Criswell, H. Solomon and P. Suppes (eds.) Mathematical Methods in Small Group Processes. Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 1962 .
21.
Schild, E.0. "Learning in Simulated Environments." In Proceedings of the Rider College School of Education Conference: New Approaches to Social Studies. Trenton, New Jersey: Rider College, 1966.
Boocock, Sarane S., and Coleman, James S. "Games with Simulated Environments in Learning ." Sociology of Education, 39 (Summer, 1960), 215-236.
24.
Boocock, Sarane S. "The Effects of Games with Simulated Environments upon Student Learning . Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University , Department of Social Relations, 1966, unpublished doctoral dissertation.
25.
Garvey, Dale M., and Seiler, William H. "A Study of Effectiveness of Different Methods of Teaching International Relations to High School Students." Emporia, Kansas: Kansas State Teachers' College, 1965, mimeographed paper.
26.
Inbar, Michael. "The Differential Impact of a Game Simulating a Community Disaster and Its Implications for Games with Simulated Environments." Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Social Relations, 1966, unpublished doctoral dissertation.
27.
McKenny, J.C. "An Evaluation of a Business Game in a MBA Curriculum." Journal of Business, 35 (July, 1962), 278-286.
28.
A. Political Games
29.
Alperin, Robert J. "A Simulation in the Beginning Course in American Government and Politics ." University of Maryland, 1962, mimeographed paper.
30.
Anderson, L.F., Hermann, M.G., Robinson, J.A., and Snyder, R.C.A Comparison of Simulation, Case Studies, and Problem Papers in Teaching Decision-Making . Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University, 1964, mimeographed report.
31.
For such a bibliography, see Hartman, John J.Annotated Bibliography on Simulation in the Social Sciences. Ames: Iowa State University, Agricultural and Home Economics Experimental Station, 1966, a report submitted to the U.S. Office of Civil Defense.
32.
A good methodoligcal discussion of evaluation of teaching methods in general is contained in: Waller, Norman and Travers, Robert. "Analysis and Investigation of Teaching Methods." In N. L. Gage (ed.) Handbook of Research on Teaching. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1963, 448-505.
33.
Barringer, Richard E., and Whaley, Barton. "The MIT Political-Military Gaming Experience." Orbits , 9 (Summer, 1965), 437-458.
34.
Bloomfield, Lincoln P. "Political Gaming." U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings , 86 (September, 1960), 57-64.
35.
Bloomfield, L.P., and Padelford, N.J. "Three Experiments in Political Gaming." The American Political Science Review, LIII ( 1959), 1105-1115.
36.
Cherryholmes, Cleo. "Developments in Simulation of International Relations in High School Teaching." Phi Delta Kappa (January, 1965), 227-231.
37.
Cohen, Bernard C. "Political Gaming in the Classroom," Journal of Politics , 24 (1962), 367-381.
38.
Garvey, Dale M. "A Simulation of American Government." Emporia, Kansas: Kansas State Teachers' College, 1965, mimeographed paper.
39.
Giffin, Sidney F.The Crisis Game: Simulating International Conflict. New York: Doubleday, 1965.
40.
Goldhamer, H., and Speier, H. "Some Observations on Political Gaming." World Politics , XII (October, 1959), 71-83.
41.
Guetzkow, Harold, et al. Simulation in International Relations: Developments for Research and Teaching. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963.
42.
Robinson, James A. "Simulation and Games." Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University, Department of Political Science, 1965, unpublished paper.
43.
Robinson, James A., et al. "Teaching with Inter-Nation Simulation and Case Studies." The Political Science Review, 60 (March, 1966), 53-65.
44.
Cohen, K.J., and Rheuman, E. "The Role of Management Games in Education and Research." Management Science. 7 ( 1961), 131-166.
45.
Cohen, K.J., Dill, W.R., Kuehn, A.A., and Winters, P.R.The Carnegie Management Game: An Experiment in Business Education . Homewood, Illinois: Irwin, Inc ., 1964.
46.
Dill, William R., Jackson, James R., and Sweeney, James M.Proceedings of the Conference on Business Games . New Orleans: Tulane University School of Business Administration, 1961.
47.
Greenlaw, P.S., Herron, L.W., and Rawdon, R.H.Business Simulation. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice-Hall, 1962.
48.
Kibbee, J.M., Craft, C.J., and Nanus, B.Management Games: A New Technique for Executive Development. New York: Reinhold, 1961.
49.
Martin, Elizabeth (ed.). Top Management Decision Simulation. New York: American Management Association, 1957.
50.
Rawdon, Richard H.Learning Management Skills from Simulation Gaming. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Bureau of Industrial Relations, 1960.
51.
Thorelli, H.B., and Graves, R.L.International Operations Simulation. New York: Free Press, 1964.
Davidson, W.P. "A Public Opinion Game." Public Opinion Quarterly, 25 (1961), 210-220.
54.
Duke, Richard. "Gaming Urban Systems." Reprint Series of the Institute for Community Development, Michigan State University, No. 30, 1965-1966.
55.
Feldt, Allan G.The Cornell Land Use Game. Miscellaneous Paper No. 3 of the Center for Housing and Environmental Studies, Division of Urban Studies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
56.
Fraser, Herbert W. "Simulation and the Game Approach to the Teaching of Economic Principles ." St. Louis: Washington University , 1962, unpublished paper.
57.
Inbar, Michael. "Simulation of Social Processes: The Disaster Game." Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Social Relations, 1965, unpublished paper.
58.
Meier, Richard L. " 'Game' Procedure in the Simulation of Cities." In L. J. Duhl (ed.), The Urban Condition. New York: Basic Books, 1963, 348-354.
