Mr. Lundberg, a Lecturer in Organization Theory and Behavior at Cornell University's Graduate School of Business and Public Administration, delineates the problems of roles in the conversion of scientific resources to pragmatic use in the social sciences.
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References
1.
Reference here is to Kipling's poem: "I keep six honest serving men (They taught me all I knew); Their names are What and Why and When and How and Where and Who."
2.
See for example: J.F. Mee, "Science and Management: Human Progress Twins ," Advanced Management Journal, 29, 4, 1964
3.
; C. West Churchman, "Management Acceptance of Scientific Recommendations," California Management Review, 7, 1, 1964
4.
; S.L. Bragg, "Using Academic Consultants in Industry," New Scientist , 404, 1964.
5.
Michael Argyle , The Scientific Study of Social Behavior, London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1957 , p. 54.
6.
For example in the small group area see, G.C. Homans, Elements of Social Behavior, and the recent volume by B.E. Collins and H. Guetzkow, A Social Psychology of Group Processes for Decision-Making, New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1964.
7.
Bernard Berelson and G.A. Steiner, Human Behavior: An Inventory of Scientific Findings, New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1964.
8.
Mason Haire, "The Social Sciences and Management Practices," California Management Review, 6, 4, 1964, p. 2.
9.
Harold Guetzkow , "Conversion Barriers in Using Social Science ," Administrative Science Quarterly, 4, 1, 1959, pp. 68-81.
10.
Pendleton Herring , "The Social Sciences in Modern Society," Social Science Research Council Items, 1, 1, 1947, p. 5.
11.
W. Schramn, "Utilization of the Behavioral Sciences," Report of a planning review for the Behavioral Sciences Division, 1954 , p. 39.
12.
H. Guetzkow , op. cit.
13.
This form of this list follows R.K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, New York: The Free Press, p. 551.
14.
Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, p. 662.
15.
Webster, op. cit, p. 674.
16.
Role is one of the most popular, fruitful and yet most repeatedly conceived concepts in the social sciences. We choose to retain one of the oldest and yet intuitively useful meanings namely, a perceived (roles are analytical) set of activities on behaviors (roles are observable with special instruments) performed by someone who is functionally related to at least one other set of activities (roles are reciprocal).
17.
Harold Guetzkow , op. cit, p. 77.
18.
Alvin W. Gouldner , "Explorations in Applied Social Science," Social Problems, 3, 3, 1956, pp. 169-181.
