The characteristics of man and of men are revealed in their possessions and creations. The great ex pansion of insurance suggests a new social order in which man "prefers security to full ownership," an evolution that sorely needs study by behavioral scientists.
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References
1.
Adams, J.S.Interviewing Procedures, A Manual for Survey InterviewersChapel Hill: U. of N. Carolina Press, 1958. An ideal, brief, inexpensive ($1) introduction to the different phases of interviewing and sampling for students doing field work or requiring instruction in elementary techniques of political research.
2.
Aron, R., "Evidence and Inference in History."Daedalus . LXXXVII (Fall '58), 11-49. Sweeping survey of the methods and purposes of historical analysis, and the development and relevance to the present and future of historical configurations and patterns of change.
3.
Back, K.W. , "The Change-prone Person in Puerto Rico."Pub. Opin. Q., XXII (Fall ' 58), 330-40. An attitude study of persons affected by housing modernization projects distinguished a type of individual amenable to change, as indicated by a "modernism index, "in contrast to a backward-looking type, unwilling to accept change.
4.
Banfield, E.C. , & M.M. Grodzins .Government and Housing in Metropolitan AreasN.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1958. Considers how structure of government in metropolitan areas affects the quality, quantity & price of housing & related community facilities, & what changes in this governmental structure would improve the housing situation.
5.
Barclay, G.W.Techniques of Population AnalysisN.Y.: Wiley, 1958. Delineates the basic mathematical techniques for extracting information, emphasizes their purposes and gives all necessary computation steps, for determining and using demographic data. Emphasizes special problems of poor data, using illustrative material from all parts of the world.
6.
Bauer, R.A."The Communicator and the Audience."Conflict Resolution , II(March '58), 67-77. Three propositions are argued: audiences influence the way a communicator organizes new information; once completed a communication has an existence external to the communicator; communications are seldom directed to a single primary audience.
7.
Belknap, G.M., "A Method for Analyzing Legislative Behavior. "Midwest J. of Pol. Sci., II (Nov. '58), 377-402. Scale analysis is applied to legislative behavior as a step towards operationalizing political science concepts. Voting on Taft-Hartley issues is scaled on a "Pro-labor - Anti-labor dimension."
8.
Belson, W.A., "New Developments in Audience Research Methods. "Amer. J. of Soc., LXIV (Sept. '58), 174-79. New techniques for planning studies, of the characteristics of a target audience, & measuring effects, of the impact of a program, developed by the BBC.
9.
Boynton, R., " A Poetic Approach to Politics: A Study in the Political Philosophy of George Santayana."" J. of Pol. , XX (Nov. '58), 676-94. Content and value of the "human insight" or "poetic impulse" approach to social & political philosophy, typified by Santayana's poetic politics.
10.
Brown, S.C., "Economic Aid: An Inventory of Problems for Attitude Research."Pub Opin., XXII (Fall '58), 416-20. Among the nine problems listed are: What are the social determinants of investment preferences, What are the criteria for employment, personal or impersonal, what are the avenues for rising in the community, & how does the distribution of income compare with the distribution of status and power?
11.
Burke, K., "The Seven Offices."Diogenes, XXI (Spring '58), 68-84. A post-utilitarian approach to the study of motivation, suggesting that motives, "offices" or "duties, " fall in seven categories: govern, serve, defend, teach, entertain, cure, pontificate.
12.
Burn, T., "The Idea of Structure in Sociology."Human Relations , XI no. 3 '58), 217-228. A discussion of the problems of terminology in the social sciences and the feedback effects of concepts, both on the social scientist and on society.
13.
Bush, G.P. & L.H. Hattery, "Suggested Literature for Research Administrators. "Personnel Admin., XXI (Nov. -Dec. '58), 55-60. An annotated bibliography of 24 recommended books.
14.
Cantril, H.The Politics of Despair. N.Y.: Basic Books, 1958. Study of the appeal of communism in Italy and France, based upon numerous interviews from diverse strata. Malaise and frustration are prominent themes.
15.
Casey, R.S. et al., eds . Punched Cards; Their Applications to Science and Industry.N.Y.: Reinhold , 1958. Material on practical applications of punched cards and related devices is extensively enlarged. Covers the Peek-a-Boo system, the Uniterm system, mechanized coding and searching techniques applied to metalurgical literature, & the use of punched cards in linguistic analysis as applied to ancient texts such as the Dead Sea Scrolls.
16.
Coats, A.W., "In Defense of Heckscher and the Idea of Mercantilism . "The Scandinavian Econ. Hist. R., V (no. 2 '57), 173-87. On what, if anything, were the ideology & practices of mercantilism. Relates to historical model-building.
17.
"Curfew Ordinances and the Control of Nocturnal Juvenile Crime. "U. of Penn, Law Review, CVII (Nov. '58), 66-101. A systematic, multi-city study of the relation.
18.
Dahrendorf, R., "Out of Utopia: Toward a Reorientation of Sociological Analysis."Amer. J. of Soc., LXIV (Sept . '58), 115-127. The structure/function approach of contemporary sociology has led to
19.
a loss of problem consciousness: a conflict model is suggested. Duveau, G., "Human Motives and History. "Diogenes, XXII (Summer ' 58), 27-38. Scintillating critique of the depersonalization of historical studies, delineating the common ground of history, sociology & psychology.
20.
Ehrmann, H.W.Organized Business in FrancePrinceton: Princeton U. Press, 1957. An account of the organized interest groups in France, their history, structure and operation, and specific policies on major issues. It is noted that in France organized groups "substitute their activities for those of the government. "
21.
Einaudi, M.M., "Pareto as I Knew Him. "Scienza Nuovo , Nos. 3&4 ('57), pp. 76-87. Narrative of the little-known life-style of Pareto, by the daughter of Roberto Michels.
22.
Enke, Stephen, "On the Economic Management of Large Organizations: A Laboratory Study."J. of Business, XXXI (Oct. '58), 280-92. Intriguing psychological-economic study of certain Air Force supply operations in a elaborate laboratory study designed to test and improve their efficiency.
23.
Erikson, E.H., "The Nature of Clinical Evidence."Daedalus , LXXXVII (Fall '58), 65-87. Commentary on the operating procedures and assumptions of a psychoanalyst, noting that the core of clinical work is a "disciplined subjectivity" that should not be replaced by seemingly more objective methods.
24.
Feldman, H., "Children of the Desert: Notes on Arab National Character."Psychoanalysis and the Psychoanalytic Q., XLV (Fall' 58), 40-50. Arab national character and outward hostility is attributed to the desert way oflife and peculiar family relationships, documented by psychological interpretations of Arab literature and behavior.
25.
Fletcher, F.M., Jr. , "Manpower for Tomorrow: A Challenge. "Personnel and Guidance J, XXXVII (Sept. '58), 32-9. An approach to the development of "creative productivity" for the benefit of the society, combining theory development and practical application.
26.
Friedlander, M., "Profile of a Plant Thief."Personnel J. , XXXVII (Oct. '58), 170-3. Interesting case study of prevalent attitudes towards rule-breaking and dishonesty in large organizations.
27.
Gastil, R.D., "Middle Class Impediments to Iranian Modernization. "Pub. Opin. Q., XXII (Fall '58), 325-29. The "modern" middle class in Iran, supposedly the source of progress, emphasizes the personal manipulation of people within an established system, and accepts lies and pretense as legitimate means of communication.
28.
Girard, A., "The First Opinion Research in Uruguay and Chile . "Pub. Opin. Q, XXII (Fall '58), 251-60. Opportunities for opinion research are pointed out in these nations, which are both in the process of modernization .
29.
Gordon, H.S., & L.M. Read, "The Political Economics of the Bank of Canada. "Canadian J. of Econ. & Pol . Sci, XXIV (Nov. '58), 465-82. Mildly critical of the Bank's "benevolent Machiavellianism" in presenting only its best face to the public, 1955-57; approving analysis of its actual economic policies and position.
30.
Griliches, Z., "Research Costs & Social Returns: Hybrid Corn & Related Innovations."J. of Pol. Economy, LXVI (Oct. '58), 419-31. Analysis of one successful venture suggests a very high rate of return on public research investments; the point is that some sort of cost-and-returns evaluation is possible.
31.
Grumm, J.G."Theories of Electoral Systems . "Midwest J. of Pol . Sci., II (Nov. '58), 357-76. Evidence from European parliamentary and legislative experience indicates that there is no causal relation between multi-partism and percentage representation (PR), or between bipartisan and majority systems. A significant questioning of the Duverger thesis.
32.
Hagen, E.E. , "How Economic Growth Begins: A General Theory Applied to Japan."Pub, Opin, Q, XII (Fall '58), 373-91. An integrative treatment from the points of view of several social sciences of the economic growth of Japan, the problem considered as one of "transition from static technology to continuing technological progress. " Personality structure and internal social structures are given particular attention.
33.
Hart, H.M., Jr., & J.T. McNaughton , "Some Aspects of Evidence & Inference in the Law. Daedalus, LXXXVII (Fall '58), 40-64. Law is analyzed as "a science not only of what is but of what ought to be;" three problems are considered, the applying of legal directions, the elaborating of legal directions, and the making of legal directions.
34.
Haviland, H.F., Jr. , "Foreign Aid & the Policy Process: 1957. "APSR, LII (Sept. '58), 689-724. Commentary on the executive, legislative, & influential non-government interests in the foreign aid debate of 1957, which was " a resounding collision" between those wishing to increase the program and those wishing to seriously cut it back.
35.
Heigert, H. , et. al., "Das Verhaltnis der Knofessionen. "Neue Politische Literatur, III (Sept. '58), cols. 687- 714.
36.
Germany's history of religious dissension, although presumably resolved, has in many ways shaped modern German politics, from Bismarck to the present. Hirabayashi, G.K., & M.F. El Khatib , "Communications and Political Awareness in the Villages of Egypt. "Pub. Opin. Q., XXII (Fall '58), 357-63. A study of Egyptian villagers indicates the extent to which they are becoming nationally conscious, a rapidly-developing process.
37.
Hodges, W.Company and Community . N.Y.: Harper, 1958. Choosing Syracuse, N. Y. as a representative city the author presents detailed case studies of company-community problems, supplementing his discussion with information about experiences in other cities. Five community relations problem areas have been emphasized: financial contributions in the community; public school relations; pollution; labor relations; and the attraction of new industry.
38.
Johnson, A.H.Whitehead's Philosophy of Civilization. Boston: Beacon, 1958. A pedestrian, and flattering, copybook of Whitehead's social ideas, which are always honest and sturdy, rarely brilliant, but perfectly and uniquely modern.
39.
Johnson, J.J.Political Change in Latin America; The Emergence of the Middle SectorsStanford: Stanford U. Press, 1958 . Initial chapters are general and are followed by chapters on Uruguay, Chile, Argentina, Mexico, & Brazil. Good bibliography. The middle, commercial & industrial classes have arrived politically. They face the difficult problem now of labor cooperation. They are not a class; form 35% of Argentines, 30% of Chileans & Uruguayans, 15% of Brazilians & Mexicans.
40.
Kedourie, E., "Revolutionary Justice in Egypt: The Trials of 1953. "Pol. Q., XXIX (Oct.-Dec. '58), 389-396. Case study, indicating the loss of even informal checks on the judicial process following the revolution.
41.
Lazarsfeld, P.F. , "Evidence and Inference in Social Research. "Daedalus, LXXXVII (Fall '58), 99-130. Problems of survey research are considered: how are a researcher's broad concepts changed into instruments of empirical research that will provide data, and how can the "variables" so developed be worked into broader generalizations ?
42.
Lazarsfeld, P.F., & W. Thielens, Jr., The Academic Mind. (with a field report by D. RiesmanGlencoe: Free Press, 1958. Report of a survey on whether academic freedom was imperiled by "McCarthyism, " based on intensive interviews of 2,451 social scientists in 165 colleges. Variations in "worry, " "caution" and "permissiveness" are related to age, scholarly eminence, party preferences, liberalism, standing of the college, etc. The "anti-McCarthyism" elite consists of the "apprehensive, " "permissive, " politically liberal teachers at the better schools.
43.
Leites, N., Du malaise politique en FranceParis: Plon, 1958. A description of the French elite and statement of rules underlying its operations in the Fourth Republic.
44.
Mandell, M.M. , "Selecting Americans for Overseas Assignments ."Personnel Admin., XXI (Nov. -Dec. '58), 25-30 . Notes criteria & relevant conditions for overseas selection, giving research data.
45.
Majumdar, D.N. , "Rural Life and Communication. "Eastern Anthropolo gist, XI (Mar.-Aug. '58), 175-88. Dissemination of news & ideas in an Indian village.
46.
March, J.G. & H.A. SimonH. Guetzkow, Collab.), OrganizationsN Y.Wiley, 1958. Survey of the literature on organization theory, beginning with theories viewing employee as an instrument, going on to theories centered upon human motives & emotions, ending with theories emphasizing cognitive processes. Mostly concerned with second type of theories. Book is organized also by numbered propositions. Excellent bibliography. An important book.
47.
Mayer, A.C., "Local Government Elections in a Malwa Village. "Eastern Anthropologist, XI (Mar. -Aug. '58), 188-98. Describes a panchayat election in a S. Indian town.
48.
Mazzaterro, L., "Comportamenti Elettorali nel Delta Padano."Il Mulino , no. 83, 598-671. Study of voting returns of a NE Italian delta area for 1953 & 1958 to detect political effects of demographic movements & of the policies of the regional authority, Ente Delta Padano; recounts political effects of floods and other factors of vote changes.
49.
McConnell, G. , "The Spirit of Private Government. "APSR , LII (Sept . '58), 754-70. Private associations, notably unions, are based on a mistaken conception of political organization; their theory of absolute democracy gives rise to oligarchic rule.
50.
Melograni, Piero, "Communisti e cattolici. "Passato e Presente , No. 5 (Sept.-Oct. '58), 587-614. Relations between Catholics and communists in Italy, 1944-47, emphasizing the attempt of communists to seize control of the Catholic masses. Expert, if conventional, presentation.
51.
Menon, V.P.The Transfer of Power in IndiaPrinceton: Princeton U. Press, 1957. A case study of the difficulties of negotiation after 1939 for Indian independence from the British.
52.
Meyer, A.J. , "Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in the Middle East."Pub Opin Q., XXII (Fall '58), 391-96. Although entrepreneurship theory is presently inadequate to explain Middle East economic development, the area has a growing entrepreneur class, which requires study.
53.
Meynaud, J.Les Groupes de Pression en FranceParis: Armand Colin, 1958. A generalized theoretical approach to the structure, nature & role of pressure groups in France, also noting their methods, points of contact with government, & coalitions between pressure groups.
54.
Mitchell, W.C., "The Polity and Society: A Structural-Functional Analysis. "Midwest J. of Pol . Sci . , II (Nov. '58), 403-20. A scheme for the analysis of political action, after Talcott Parsons; one avowed purpose is to unify the social sciences by making explicit certain operative assumptions.
55.
Morgenthau, H.J.Dilemmas of PoliticsChicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1958. A collection of essays, mostly on substantive topics of foreign affairs, but with several articles on scope & method of political science.
56.
Naess, A., "A Systematization of Gandhian Ethics of Conflict Resolution."Conflict Resolution, II (#2, '58), 140- 55 . An attempt to decipher the operational code of Gandhiism, capable of numerous research applications. Author lists types of research on non-violence.
57.
Morell, G., "Looking Around: What Makes Research Sterile?"Harvard Business R., XXXVI (Nov.-Dec. '58), 149-58. Industry's needed basic research can be provided only if it has better management & is provided breathing room in the organizational setting.
58.
Nelson, B.Sigmund Freud: On Creativity and the UnconsciousN.Y.: Harper, 1958. Selections, with annotations, from The Collected Papers.
59.
Olagüe, I., "A New Interpretation of History. "Diogenes , XXII (Summer '58), 55-74. Discusses the shift from history-as-anecdotes to history as idea-forces operating in geographical limits, with a "geopolitical" relation.
60.
Oliver, D., "An Ethnographer's Method for Formulating Descriptions of 'Social Structure. "'Amer. Anthropologist , LX (Oct. '58), 801-26. A proven set of procedures that is "comprehensive, parsimonious of terms, cross-culturally applicable, and helpful in theory formation. "
61.
Ostergaard, G., "Parties in Co-Operative Government."Pol. Studies.VI (Oct. '58), 197-219. Notes the development & functions of "parties" or electoral organizations in the government of British retail-co-operatives .
62.
Pauker, G.J. , "Indonesian Images of Their National Self. "Pub, Opin. Q., XXII (Fall '58), 305-24. The lack of Indonesian concensus about national goals is documented in an analysis of a contest in Indonesia. "What are we as a nation and as a country?" Regarding the political system, the tendency was "to think about possible remedies in moral rather than political terms. "
63.
Paauw, D.S., "The High Cost of Political Instability in Indonesia, 1957-1958."Int'l, SpectatorXII (8 Nov. '58), 523-552. Description of effects on society and economy of worsening political disorder.
64.
Perroux, F., "Information: A Factor of Economic Progress."DiogenesXXI (Spring '58), 26-49. Disjointed commentary on innovation an its economic effects, economic progress, "human economy, " and "moral science."
65.
Porter, J., "Higher Public Servants and the Bureaucratic Elite in Canada."Canadian J. of Econ. & Pol. Sci., XXIV (Nov. '58), 483-501. Data on the careers an backgrounds of the elite of the Canadian federal public service, noting that the bureaucracy is more closed than open.
66.
Price, D.O.Annual Report of the Director 1957-58. Institute for Research in Social ScienceChapel Hill: U. of N. Carolina Press, 1958. Lists research staff, programs, and facilities and financial support of IRSS. Work being done includes cross-cultural studies, political behavior, small group, complex organization and urban studies. The annual budget was about $400,000.
67.
Proceedings of the 11th National Conference on the Administration of ResearchUniversity Park: Penn. State U. Press: 1958.
68.
Pye, L.W., "Administrators, Agitators, and Brokers."Pub. Opin. Q., XXII (Fall '58), 342-48. In narrowing the "gap" between the modernized leaders and the tradition-bound masses in developing countries there are six crucial roles determining the alternative patterns of political development.
69.
Ralis, M., et. al. , Applicability of Survey Techniques in Northern India. "Pub. Opin. Q., XXII (Fall ' '58), 245-50. Conventional methods result in high validity and reliability, with some interviewer bias.
70.
Rivkin, A., "An Economic Development Proposal for Africa: A New Multilateral Aid Organization."Int'l. Organization , XII (Summer '58), 303-19. Conditions requiring, and structural devices for, a new international agency.
71.
Rudolph, L. & S. H., "Surveys in India: Field Experience in Madras State."Pub. Opin. Q., XXII (Fall '58), 235-44. A challenge of six assumptions that usually underlie public opinion research, in reference to underdeveloped countries, India in particular. Questionable assumptions include that the individual is the source of opinion, that most people hold opinions on a broad range of issues, etc.
72.
Ryan, B., "Secularization Processes in a Ceylon Village."Eastern Anthropologist, XI (Mar.-Aug. '58), 155-61. On the transition of a Ceylon village from a subsistence to a money economy.
73.
Secher, H.P., "Coalition Government: The Case of the Second Austrian Republic . "APSR, LII (Sept. '58), 791-808. Since 1946 Austria has been governed by a coalition, all government positions being in exact proportion to the strength of the two major parties, and all social and economic decisions being made in respect to the distribution of power between them.
74.
Shils, E., "The Concentration and Dispersion of Charisma: Their Bearing on Economic Policy in Underdeveloped Countries. "World Politics , XI (Oct. '58), 1-19. Underdeveloped countries must raise the appreciation of the potential creativity of persons outside the traditional elites, particularly of the enterpriser.
75.
"S.K.", "The Land Gift Movement in India: Vinoba Bhave and his Achievement."The World Today , XIV (Nov. '58), 487-94. Bhave's Bhoodan and Gramdan movements have resulted in 5 million acres being given to the landless, and 3, 000 villages being voluntarily communalized, and have stimulated land reform legislation.
76.
Smigel, E.O., "Interviewing a Legal Elite: the Wall Street Lawyer."Amer. J. of Soc., LXIV (Sept. '58), 159-64. Barriers to elite interviewing are the respondents' own skill as interviewers, specialized functions, time and work pressures, and reluctance to be interviewed. Methods to overcome them are discussed.
77.
Soper, C.S., and J. Rydon, "Under-Representation and Electoral Prediction."Australian J. of Pol. & Hist., IV (Aug. '58), 94-106. Develops methods of accurately predicting the effective vote, which determines the division of seats between two parties, and takes into account the exaggeration of majorities.
78.
Spengler, J.J. , "Public Bureaucracy, Resource Structure, and Economic Development: A Note. "Kyklos , XI (No. 4, '58), pp. 459-89. Underdeveloped countries are argued to be short of individuals with entrepreneurial or bureaucratic talents; the public sector is not better suited for economic growth than the private sector.
79.
Stewart, C.T., Jr., "The Urban-Rural Dichotomy; Concepts and Uses."Amer. J. of Soc., LXIV (Sept. '58), 152-58. The dichotomy has limited value; for economic purposes employment is the relevant criterion. A social network map is developed as having greater value .
80.
Stewart, J.D.British Pressure Groups; Their Role in Relation to the House of CommonsOxford: Oxford U. Press,1958. Concerns pressure groups and group representation in the House of Commons, and documents the multitude of indirect means by which this pressure is applied: parliamentary party committees, private members' bills, amendments, etc.
81.
Sutton, F.X., "Research and Development in Africa South of the Sahara . "Pub. Opin. Q., XXII (Fall '58), 261-72. In present and former British, French, and Belgian Africa there are numerous research institutions and programs, staffed largely by expatriates, concerned primarily with ethnography, urbanization, and modernization.
82.
Tax, S., "Value in Action: The Fox Project."Eastern Anthropologist , XI (Mar.-Aug. '58), 169-74. Theory and practice of "participant interference" and "action anthropology. "
83.
Tugwell, R.G.The Art of Politics, as Practiced by Three Great AmericansGarden City: Doubleday, 1958. An integrated study of the political maneuvering, the conception of leadership, the party relations and policies of FDR, La Guardia, and Marin, the governor of Puerto Rico.
84.
Ullah, I., "Caste, Patti and Faction in the Life of a Punjab Village . "Sociologus, VIII (#2, '58), 170-86. Case study of the impact of three types of social division on the social and economic life of a village; caste is often subordinate in importance to faction.
85.
Ungureanu, M., "The Republics of the Middle Ages."Diogenes , XXI (Spring '58), 50-67. Traces the development of the bourgeoise communes as they coexisted with feudal systems from the 9th through the 14th centuries .
86.
Venkataramani, M.S., "Manganese as a Factor in Indo-American Relations."India Q., XIV (April-June 58), 131-53 . Descriptive study of U.S. aid policy variations in response to manganese needs and market.
87.
Warriner, C.K., "The Nature and Functions of Official Morality."Amer. J. of Soc., LXIV (Sept. '58), 165-68. "Official morality"--in this case a local prohibition law--may have an immediate collective reality but not be held by individual members of the group; it helps maintain the system against disorganization.
88.
Wilson, E.C., "Problems of Survey Research in Modernizing Areas. "Pub. Opin. Q., XXII (Fall, '58), pp. 230-34. A commentary on the problems of sampling, interviewer selection and training, reliability and validity through which the innocent researcher abroad oft goes awry.
89.
Winthrop, H., " Some Psychological and Economic Assumptions Underlying Automation, II."Amer . J. of Econ. & Soc. , XVIII (Oct. '58), 69-82. A brilliant critique of some of the social myths--e.g., "the infinite insatiety of human wants "--that have confused planning for automation and increased leisure.
90.
Wood, R.C.Suburbia: Its People and Their PoliticsBoston : Houghton Mifflin, 1959. A 300-page editorial on suburbs, finding them wanting in many ways, but with little hope of reorganizing into healthy union with the metropolis. Every aspect is covered, in a breath-taking style that often defeats the underlying scholarship.
91.
Zimmer, B.G., and A.H. Hawley, "Local Government As Viewed by Fringe Residents. "Rural Sociology, XXIII (Dec. '58), 363-370. Interviews of fringe residents in Flint, Michigan, indicated they were both dissatisfied with services, and uninformed about the government forms and procedures through which they were provided.
