Ten years after sociologist Mary Romero lamented the “ideological and theoretical gulf between immigration research and the sociology of race,” researchers have begun to bridge this theoretical gulf by centering critical race theory in studies of migration. Building on these analyses, this article argues that migration flows and immigrant incorporation are shaped not only by white supremacy but also by patriarchy and global capitalism. Insofar as migrants, predominantly from the Global South, are usually racialized as non-white, and come to work in a labor market shaped by exploitation, oppression, and patriarchy, it is critical to think of migrant flows and settlement within the context of what bell hooks describes as a White supremacist capitalist patriarchy. We draw from examples from our research with a broad spectrum of migrants and their children to elucidate how these three systems of oppression shape the experiences of migrants.
AbramsL. S.CurranL. (2004). Between women: Gender and social work in historical perspective. Social Service Review, 78, 429-446.
2.
AdamesS. B.CampbellR. (2005). Immigrant Latinas’ conceptualizations of intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 11, 1341-1364.
3.
ArandaE.VaqueraE. (2015). Racism, the immigration enforcement regime, and the implications for racial inequality in the lives of undocumented young adults. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 1, 88-104.
4.
ArmentaA. (2016). Racializing crimmigration: Local law enforcement agencies and the institutional production of immigrant criminality. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 3, 82-95.
5.
BellD. (1992). Faces at the bottom of the well. New York, NY: Basic Books.
6.
BoehmD. (2012). Intimate migrations: Gender, family, and illegality among transnational Mexicans. New York: New York University Press.
7.
BoehmD. (2016). Returned: Going and coming in an age of deportation. Oakland: University of California Press.
8.
BoehmeE. (2011). Recession and the risks of illegality: Governing the undocumented in the United States. New Political Science, 33, 541-554.
9.
BohmerC.ShumanA. (2008). Rejecting refugees: Political asylum in the 21st century. New York, NY: Routledge.
10.
Bonilla-SilvaE. (1996). Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation. American Sociological Review, 62, 465-480.
11.
Bonilla-SilvaE. (2013). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States (4th ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
12.
CandelarioG. E. B. (2007). Black behind the ears: Dominican racial identity from museums to beauty shops. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
13.
CarpenterC. (2006). Recognizing gender-based violence against civilian men and boys in conflict situations. Security Dialogue, 37, 83-103.
14.
Comas-DiazL. (1994). LatiNegra: Mental health issues of African Latinas. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 5(3-4), 35-74.
15.
CrenshawK. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241-1299.
16.
DelgadoR.StefancicJ. (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. New York: New York University Press.
17.
Doering-WhiteJ.HornerP.SandersL.MartinezR.LopezW.DelvaJ. (2016). Testimonial engagement: Undocumented Latina mothers navigating a gendered deportation regime. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 17, 325-340.
18.
DonatoK. M.EnriquezL. E.LlewellynC. (2017). Frozen and stalled? Gender and migration scholarship in the 21st century. American Behavioral Scientist, 61, 1079-1085.
19.
DowlingJ. A. (2014). Mexican Americans and the question of race. Austin: University of Texas Press.
20.
DuanyJ. (1998). Reconstructing racial identity: Ethnicity, color, and class among Dominicans in the United States and Puerto Rico. Latin American Perspectives, 25, 147-172.
21.
EspirituY. L. (2014). Body counts: The Vietnam War and militarized refugees. Oakland: University of California Press.
22.
GarcíaS. J. (2017a). Bridging critical race theory and migration: Moving beyond assimilation theories. Sociology Compass, 11(6), 1-10.
23.
GarcíaS. J. (2017b). Racializing “illegality”: An intersectional approach to understanding how Mexican-origin women navigate an anti-immigrant climate. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 3, 474-490.
24.
GetrichC. M. (2013). “Too bad I’m not an obvious citizen”: The effects of racialized US immigration enforcement practices on second-generation Mexican youth. Latino Studies, 11, 462-482.
25.
Golash-BozaT. (2016). The parallels between mass incarceration and mass deportation: An intersectional analysis of state repression. Journal of World-Systems Research, 22, 484-509.
26.
Golash-BozaT.Hondagneu-SoteloP. (2013). Latino immigrant men and the deportation crisis: A gendered racial removal program. Latino Studies, 11, 271-292.
27.
Golash-BozaT. M. (2012). Immigration nation: Raids, detentions and deportations in Post-9/11 America. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.
28.
Hamilton-MerrittJ. (1999). Tragic mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the secret war in Laos, 1942-1992. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
29.
Hondagneu-SoteloP. (1994). Gendered transitions: Mexican experiences of immigration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
30.
hooksb. (2000). Feminist theory: From margin to center. London, England: Pluto Press.
31.
Hordge-FreemanE. (2015). The color of love: Racial features, stigma, and socialization in black Brazilian families. Austin: University of Texas.
32.
HuberL. P.LopezC. B.MalagonM. C.VelezV.SolorzanoD. G. (2008). Getting beyond the “symptom,” acknowledging the “disease”: Theorizing racist nativism. Contemporary Justice Review, 11, 39-51.
33.
KasinitzP.MollenkopfJ. H.WatersM. C.HoldawayJ. (2008). Inheriting the city: The children of immigrants come of age. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
34.
KivistoP. J.FaistT. (2010). Beyond a border: The causes and consequences of contemporary immigration. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
LongL. D. (1993). Ban Vinai: The refugee camp. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
37.
LopezI. H. (1997). White by law. New York: New York University Press.
38.
LouieM. (2001). Sweatshop warriors. Boston, MA: South End Press.
39.
MarxK.EngelsF. (1907). Capital: A critique of political economy (Vol. 2). Chicago, IL: Charles H. Kerr.
40.
MasseyD. S.ArangoJ.HugoG.KouaouciA.PellegrinoA. (1999). Worlds in motion: Understanding international migration at the end of the millennium. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
41.
MasseyD. S.DurandJ.MaloneN. J. (2002). Beyond smoke and mirrors: Mexican immigration in an era of economic integration. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
42.
McCallL. (2005). The complexity of intersectionality. Signs, 30, 1771-1800.
43.
MenjívarC. (2011). Enduring violence: Ladina women’s lives in Guatemala. Berkeley: University of California Press.
44.
MillsC. W. (1997). The racial contract. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
45.
NgoB.LeeS. J. (2007). Complicating the image of model minority success. Review of Southeast Asian American Education, 77, 415-453.
46.
NibbsF. (2014). Belonging: The social dynamics of fitting in as experienced by Hmong refugees in Germany and Texas. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.
ParradoE. A.FlippenC. A. (2005). Migration and gender among Mexican women. American Sociological Review, 70, 606-632.
49.
PortesA.RumbautR. G. (2001). Legacies: The story of the immigrant second generation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
50.
PortesA.ZhouM. (1992). Gaining the upper hand: Economic mobility and domestic minorities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15, 491-522.
51.
PortesA.ZhouM. (1993). The new second generation: Segmented assimilation and its variants. ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 530, 74-96.
52.
RobinsonW. I. (2000). Neoliberalism, the global elite, and the Guatemalan transition: A critical macrosocial analysis. Journal of Interamerican Studies & World Affairs, 42, 89-107.
RomeroM. (2008). Crossing the immigration and race border: A critical race theory approach to immigration studies. Contemporary Justice Review, 11, 23-37.
55.
RomeroM. (2017). Introducing intersectionality. New York, NY: Polity Press.
56.
RothW. (2012). Race migrations: Latinos and the cultural transformation of race. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
57.
SáenzR.DouglasK. M. (2015). A call for the racialization of immigration studies: On the transition of ethnic immigrants to racialized immigrants. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 1, 166-180.
SanchezG.RomeroM. (2010). Critical race theory in the US sociology of immigration. Sociology Compass, 4, 779-788.
60.
SaraswatiA.ShawB.RellihanH. (2017). Introduction to women’s, gender, and sexuality studies: Interdisciplinary and intersectional approaches. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
61.
SchuethsA. M. (2014). “It’s almost like white supremacy”: Interracial mixed-status couples facing racist nativism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37, 2438-2456.
62.
TellesE. M.OrtizV. (2008). Generations of exclusion: Mexican-Americans, assimilation, and race. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
63.
TreitlerV. B. (2015). Social agency and white supremacy in immigration studies. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 1, 153-165.
64.
TwineF. W. (1998). Racism in a racial democracy: The maintenance of white supremacy in Brazil. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
65.
TwineF. W. (2010). A white side of black Britain: Interracial intimacy and racial literacy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
66.
ValdezZ.Golash-BozaT. (2017). U.S. racial and ethnic relations in the twenty-first century. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40, 2181-2209.
67.
VangM. (2012). The refugee soldier: A critique of recognition and citizenship in the Hmong Veterans’ Naturalization Act of 1997. Positions, 20, 685-712.
68.
VangT.FloresJ. (1999). The Hmong Americans: Identity, conflict, and opportunity. Multicultural Perspectives, 1, 9-14.
69.
Viruell-FuentesE. A. (2006). My heart is always there: The transnational practices of first-generation Mexican immigrant and second-generation Mexican American women. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 13, 335-362.
WallersteinI. (1998). The rise and future demise of world-systems analysis. Review: Fernand Braudel Center, 21, 103-112.
72.
WeberL. (1998). A conceptual framework for understanding race, class, gender, and sexuality. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 13-32.
73.
YossoT. J.SolorzanoD. (2005). Conceptualizing a critical race theory in sociology. In RomeroM.MargolisE. (Eds.), The Blackwell companion to social inequalities (pp. 117-146). New York, NY: John Wiley.
ZhouM.BankstonC. L.III. (1998). Growing up American: How Vietnamese children adapt to life in the United States. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
76.
ZolbergA.SuhrkeA.AguayoS. (1989). Escape from violence: Conflict and the refugee crisis in the developing world. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
