This article addresses electronic machine gambling in Canada, in particular, how it evolved, the social problems associated with the activity, and why it continues to flourish in spite of evidence-based research showing it to be the most addictively potent gambling format. Also discussed are the corporate principles applied to the promotion of electronic machine gambling and how this distorts regulatory objectives.
Adams, P. (2004). Minimising the impact of gambling in the subtle degradation of democratic systems. Journal of Gambling Issues , 11, 1-18.
2.
Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission. (2001 ). Gaming licensing policy review: Achieving a balance (Vol. I). St. Albert, AB: Author.
3.
Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission. (2003-2004). Annual report. St. Albert, AB: Author.
4.
Alexander, B. (2001). The roots of addiction in free market society . Report to the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives , Vancouver, BC.
5.
Alfieri, D. (1994). The Ontario casino project: A case study. In C. Campbell (Ed.), Gambling in Canada: The bottom line (pp. 85-91). Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University, School of Criminology, Criminology Research Centre .
6.
Azmier, J. (2000). Canadian gambling behavior and attitudes. Calgary, AB: Canada West Foundation.
7.
Azmier, J. (2005). Gambling in Canada 2005: Statistics and context . Calgary, AB: Canada West Foundation .
8.
Bakan, J. (2004). The corporation: The pathological pursuit of profit and power. Toronto, ON: Viking Canada .
9.
Barrett, W. (2000). Gambling and public policy. Public Affairs Quarterly, 14(1), 57-71.
10.
Blaszczynski, A., Sharpe, L., & Walker, M. (2001). The assessment of the impact of the configuration on electronic gambling machines as harm minimisation strategies for problem gambling. Report to the Gaming Industry Operators' Group. Sydney, Australia: University Printing Service.
11.
Breen, R., & Zimmerman, M. (2002). Rapid onset of pathological gambling in machine gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(1), 31-43.
12.
Bridwell, R., & Quinn, F. (2002). From mad joy to misfortune: The merger of law and politics in the world of gambling. MississippiLaw Journal , 72(2), 565-729.
13.
Campbell, C. (2000). Non-profits and gambling expansion: The British Columbia experience. Calgary, AB: Canada West Foundation.
14.
Campbell, C., & Smith, G. (1998, March). Canadian gambling trends and public policy issues. Annals of the American Academy of Political Science , 556, 22-35.
15.
Campbell, C., & Smith, G. (2003). Gambling in Canada—From vice to disease to responsibility: A negotiated history. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 20(1), 121-149.
16.
Canadian Tax Foundation. (2004). Tax 101: The facts behind the issues. Retrieved February 8, 2005, from http://www.ctf.ca/tax101.asp
17.
Cosgrave, J. (2006). Gambling risk and late capitalism. In J. Cosgrave (Ed.), The sociology of risk and gambling reader (pp. 1-24). New York: Routledge .
18.
Costello, T., & Millar, R. (2000). Wanna bet. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
19.
Coventry, K., & Norman, A. (1998). Arousal, erroneous verbalizations and the illusion of control during a computer-generated gambling task. British Journal of Psychology, 89, 629-645.
20.
Cox, B., Yu, N., Afifi, T., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). A national survey of gambling problems in Canada . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(4), 213-217.
21.
Dickerson, M. (1996). Why “slots” equals grind in any language . In J. McMillen (Ed.), Gambling cultures: Studies in history and interpretation (pp. 152-166). London: Routledge.
22.
Dickerson, M., Haw, J., & Shepherd, L. (2003). The psychological causes of problem gambling: A longitudinal study of at risk recreational EGM players. Report to the Casino Community Benefit Fund, Sydney , Australia.
23.
Diskin, K., & Hodgins, D. (1999). Narrowing of attention and dissociation in pathological video lottery gamblers. Journal of Gambling Studies, 15(1), 17-28.
24.
Doughney, J. (2002). The poker machine state. Altona , Australia: Common Ground Publishing.
25.
Erickson, E. (1968). Identity, youth, and crisis. New York: Norton.
26.
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual. New York : Pantheon Books.
27.
Gold, M. (1998, February 8). The VLT squeeze. Edmonton Journal, p. F1.
28.
Goyette, L. (1998. October 16). What about Alberta's responsibility? After allowing VLTs, govt. can hardly blame the gambler. Edmonton Journal, p. A16.
29.
Greene, I., & Shugarman, D. (1997). Honest politics: Seeking integrity in Canadian public life. Toronto, ON: James Lorimer.
30.
Griffiths, M. (1990). Addiction to fruit machines: A preliminary study among young males. Journal of Gambling Studies, 6(2), 113-126.
31.
Griffiths, M. (1993). Fruit machine gambling: The importance of structural characteristics. Journal of Gambling Studies, 9(2), 101-120.
32.
Habermas, J. (1975). Legitimation crisis (T. McCarthy, Trans.). Boston: Beacon.
33.
Hall, L. (2003). Canadian gaming industry highlights. Report prepared for KPMG Canada, Toronto, ON.
34.
Jackson, R., & Jackson, D. (2001). Politics in Canada. Toronto, ON: Prentice Hall.
35.
Jacobs, J. (1994). Systems of survival. New York : Vintage.
36.
Jacobs, J. (2004). Dark age ahead. Toronto, ON : Random House Canada.
37.
Kingma, S. (2004). Gambling and the risk society: The liberalization and legitimation crisis of gambling in the Netherlands. International GamblingStudies, 4(1), 47-67.
38.
Ladouceur, R., & Sevigny, S. (2003). Interactive messages on video lottery terminals and persistence in gambling. Gambling Research: Journal of the National Association for Gambling Studies (Australia), 15(1), 45-50.
39.
Legislative Assembly of Alberta. (1995, October 30). Alberta Hansard. Available from http://www.assembly.ab.ca
40.
Legislative Assembly of Alberta. (1996, February 14). Alberta Hansard. Available from http://www.assembly.ab.ca
41.
McMillen, J. (1996). From glamour to grind: The globalization of casinos . In J. McMillen (Ed.), Gambling cultures: Studies in history and interpretation. London: Routledge.
42.
Mizerski, D., Jolley, B., & Mizerski, K. (2001). Disputing the “crack cocaine of gambling” label for electronic gambling machines. In A. Blaszczynski (Ed.), Culture and the gambling phenomenon— Proceedings of the 11th national conference of the National Association for Gambling Studies, Australia, (276-283). Sydney, AU: National Association of Gambling Studies .
43.
Morton, S. (2003). At odds: Gambling and Canadians, 1919-1969. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
44.
Nova Scotia Alcohol and Gaming Authority. ( 1998-1999). Annual gaming report (Vol. II). Halifax, NS: Author.
45.
Omnifacts Bristol Research. (2005). Public attitudes on gaming in Nova Scotia. Report prepared for the government of Nova Scotia, Halifax.
46.
Patrick, T. (2000). No dice: Violations of the Criminal Code's gaming exemptions by provincial governments. Criminal Law Quarterly , 44(1), 108-126.
47.
Peele, S., & Brodsky, A. (1992). The truth about addiction and recovery. New York: Fireside.
48.
Reith, G. (1999). The age of chance: Gambling in Western culture . London: Routledge.
49.
Saul, J.R. (2005). The collapse of globalism. Toronto, ON: Viking Canada.
50.
Schaef, A. (1987). When society becomes an addict. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
51.
Smith, G., & Wynne, H. (1999). Gambling and crime in Western Canada: Exploring myth and reality. Calgary, AB: Canada West Foundation.
52.
Smith, G., & Wynne, H. (2002). Measuring gambling and problem gambling in Alberta using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index. Edmonton, AB : Alberta Gaming Research Institute.
53.
Smith, G., & Wynne, H. (2004). VLT gambling in Alberta: A preliminary analysis . Edmonton, AB: Alberta Gaming Research Institute.
54.
Toneatto, T. (1999). Cognitive psychopathology of problem gambling . Substance Use and Misuse, 34, 1593-1604.
55.
Tremayne, K. (2000). The distribution and social consequences of gaming machines in Sydney clubs (Working Paper No. 1). Sydney : Australian Institute for Gambling Research.
56.
Whittington, M., & Van Loon, R. (1996). Canadian government and politics. Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill Ryerson.
57.
Wilson Schaef, A., & Fassel, D. (1990). The addictive organization. San Francisco: Harper and Row.
58.
Wiseman, M.J. (2000, November). Gambling and virtue in government. Journal of Business and Public Affairs, 1-32.
59.
Wynne, H., Smith, G., & Volberg, R. (1994). Gambling and problem gambling in Alberta. Report to Alberta Lotteries and Gaming, Edmonton, AB.