What are the (un)intended consequences of a citizens at conception policy? This article explores whether redefining a child does indeed spur a material expansion of benefits through the States Children’s Insurance Program (SCHIP) or whether this action can be better understood as a struggle over symbolic boundaries of fetal personhood, social boundaries of citizenship, and the attendant challenges to women’s reproductive rights.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Aleinikoff, A. T. (2001). Policing boundaries: Migration, citizenship and the state. In G. Gerstle & J. Mollenkopf (Eds.), E pluribus unum?: Contemporary and historical perspectives on immigrant political incorporation (pp. 267-291). New York: Russell Sage .
2.
Aliessa v Novello, 96 N.Y. 2d 418 (2001).
3.
Bauer, T. (1999). Welfare reform and the pre-natal care of immigrants: First year case study findings and analysis from California, Florida, New York and Texas. Albany: Research Foundation of the State University of New York .
4.
Bauer, T., Collins, S., Doyle, J., Fuld, J., & Fuentes-Afflick, E. (2002). Challenges associated with applying for health insurance among Latina mothers in California, Florida and New York. New York: New York Forum for Child Health, New York Academy of Medicine .
5.
Bourdieu, P. (1987). The force of law: Toward a sociology of the juridical field . Hastings Law Journal, 38, 805-853 .
6.
Brubaker, R. (1992). Citizenship and nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2003). State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP): SCHIP state programs. Retrieved March 20, 2003, from http://cms.hhs.gov/schip/
9.
Dubay, L., Hill, I., & Kenney, G. M. (2002). Five things everyone should know about SCHIP (Policy Brief A-55). Washington, DC: Urban Institute .
10.
Eldridge, J. (2002). Health care access for immigrants in Texas (Working Paper from the Policy Research Project on Expanding Health Care Coverage for the Uninsured). Austin: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin .
11.
Epstein, C. F. (1992). Tinkerbells and pinups: The construction and reconstruction of gender boundaries at work. In M. Lamont & M. Fournier (Eds.), Cultivating differences: Symbolic boundaries and the making of inequality (pp. 232-256). Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
12.
Fix, M., & Passel, J. S. (2002). Assessing welfare reform’s immigrant provisions. In A. Weil & K. Feingold (Eds.), Welfare reform the next act (pp. 179-202). Washington, DC: Urban Institute .
Geraghty, J. (2002, October, 6). Fetus rule has no effect here. The Boston Globe, p. A5.
15.
Glenn, E. N. (2003). Unequal freedom. Los Angeles: University of California Press .
16.
Gordon, L. (1990a). Woman’s body, woman’s right: Birth control in America. New York: Penguin . (Original work published 1974)
17.
Gordon, L. (1990b). Women the state and welfare. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press .
18.
Gordon, L. (1994). Pitied but not entitled: Single mothers and the history of welfare 1890-1935. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
19.
Hirschman, N. J. (1999). A question of freedom, a question of rights? Women and welfare. In N. J. Hirschman & U. Liebert (Eds.), Women and welfare: Theory and practice in the United States and Europe (pp. 84-107). Rutgers, NJ: Rutgers University Press .
20.
Howell, E., Hill, I., & Kapustka, E. (2002). SCHIP dodges the first budget ax (Policy Brief A-56). Washington, DC: Urban Institute .
21.
Joyce, T., Bauer, T., Minkoff, H., & Kaestner, R. (2001). Welfare reform and the perinatal health and health care use of Latino women in California, New York City, and Texas . American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1857-1864 .
Kaiser Family Foundation Daily Health Reports. (2002). Bush administration proposes making fetuses eligible for CHIP program; opponents call plan a legal “ploy” to erode abortion rights. Retrieved March 23, 2002, from http://www.kaisernetwork.org/daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=9256
25.
Katz, M. (2001). The price of citizenship: Redefining the American welfare state. New York: Metropolitan Books .
26.
Ku, L., & Matani, S. (2001). Left out: Immigrants’ access to health care and insurance . Health Affairs, 20(1), 247-256 .
27.
Lamont, M. (2000). The dignity of working men: Morality and the boundaries of race, class and immigration. New York: Russell Sage .
28.
Lamont, M., & Molnár, V. (2002). The study of boundaries in the social sciences . Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 167-195 .
29.
Lewis v. Grinker, 965.F2d.1206 (2nd D.C. 1992).
30.
Luker, K. (1984). Abortion and the politics of motherhood. Berkeley: University of California Press .
31.
Lutzky, A. W., Holahan, J., & Weiner, J. M. (2002). Health policy for low-income people: Profiles of 13 states (Occasional Paper 57). Washington, DC: Urban Institute .
32.
Maloy, K., Darnell, J., Nolan, L., Kenney, K. A., & Cyprien, S. (2000). Effect of the 1996 welfare and immigration reform laws on immigrants’ ability and willingness to access Medicaid and health care services (Synthesis Report Center for Health Services Research and Policy, School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University Medical Center ). Retrieved March 22, 2003, from http://www.gwhealthpolicy.org/downloads/synthesis
33.
Marshall, T. H. (1992). Citizenship and social class. In T. H. Marshall & T. Bottomore (Eds.), Citizenship and social class (pp. 3-51). Concord, MA: Pluto Press . (Original work published 1950)
34.
Meyer, J. W., Boli, J., Thomas, G. M., & Ramirez, F. O. (1997). World society and the nation-state . American Journal of Sociology, 103, 144-181 .
Mink, G. (1995). The wages of motherhood: Inequality in the welfare state, 1917-1942. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press .
37.
National Governors Association: Center for Best Practices. (2001a). Maternal and child health (MCH) update: States have expanded eligibility and increased access to health care for pregnant women and children. Retrieved March 23, 2003, from http://www.nga.org/cda/files/MCHUPDATE2000.pdf
National Governors Association: Center for Best Practices. (2002). MCH update 2001. Trends in state health insurance coverage for women, children and parents. Retrieved March 23, 2003, from http://www.nga.org/cda/files/MCHUPDATE2000.pdf
40.
National Governors Association: Center for Best Practices. (2003). MCH update 2002. Trends in state health insurance coverage for women, children and parents. Retrieved October 5, 2003, from http://www.nga.org/cda/files/MCHUPDATE2000.pdf
National Immigration Law Center. (2001b, June 29). Aliessa v. Novello: N.Y. law restricting immigrants eligibility for state medical aid found unconstitutional . Immigrants’ Rights Update, 15(4). Retrieved March 22, 2003, from http://www.nilc.org/immspbs/health/health011.htm
Ollivier, M. (2000). Too much money off other people’s backs: Status and boundaries in post-industrial society . Canadian Journal of Sociology, 25, 441-470 .
Pear, R. (2003, September 30). Big increase seen in people lacking health insurance. The New York Times, p. A1.
47.
Rivlin, A. M. (2002). Another state fiscal crisis: Is there a better way? (Welfare Reform and Beyond, Policy Brief 23). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution .
48.
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
49.
Sapiro, V. (1990). The gender basis of American social policy. In L. Gordon (Ed.), Women the state and welfare (pp. 36-54). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press .
50.
Sewell, W. H., Jr. (1992). A theory of structure: Duality, agency, and transformation . American Journal of Sociology, 98, 1-29 .
Siskind, G., & Ballentine, A. (2001). Federal court upholds Medicaid restriction for undocumented immigrants. Immigration Daily. Retrieved March 28, 2003, from www.ilw.com/lawyers/articles/2001.0531-Siskind.shtm
53.
Solinger, R. (Ed.). (1998). Abortion wars: A half century of struggle: 1950-2000. Los Angeles: University of California Press .
54.
Soysal, Y. N. (1994). Limits to citizenship: Migrants and post national membership in Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
State Children’s Health Insurance Program; eligibility for prenatal care and other health services for unborn children; final rule . (2002, October 2). Federal Register, 67(191).
57.
Strom, S. (2003, November 16). For middle class, health insurance becomes a luxury. The New York Times, pp. A1, A33.
58.
Thomas, G. M., Meyer, J. W., Ramirez, F. O., & Boll, J. (Eds.). (1987). Institutional structure: Constituting state, society and individual. Newbury Park, CA: Sage .
Wilder, M. (1998). The rule of law, the rise of violence, and the role of public morality. In R. Solinger (Ed.), Abortion wars: A half century of struggle: 1950-2000 (pp. 73-94). Los Angeles: University of California Press .
63.
Zimmerman, W., & Tumlin, K. C. (1999). Patchwork policies: State assistance for immigrants under welfare reform (Occasional Paper 24). Washington, DC: Urban Institute .