Understanding the psychological consequences of emotional labor for workers has been an ongoing project among students of emotional labor. Drawing on Hochschild's pathbreaking work in this area, five major streams of qualitative and quantitative research have emerged, including (1) the experiences of workers who perform emotional labor; (2) comparisons between performers and nonperformers of emotional labor; (3) the conditions under which emotional labor may be positive or negative; (4) variations between workers that condition their responses to emotional labor; and (5) consequences of emotional labor at work for workers' private lives. This article reviews each area and concludes with suggestions for future research on the psychological consequences of emotional labor.
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