The history of free trade in the Western Hemisphere can be traced back more than a century. Indeed, the Spanish colonial legacy set patterns that were followed during much of the nineteenth century. Early trade patterns were marked increasingly by the intrusive demands of the industrial nations. U.S. efforts to secure its interests in this regard were highlighted by the 1889-90 Washington Conference and by the ardent efforts of James G. Blaine. Even before the dawning of the twentieth century, Latin American suspicions of North American motives were profound, and this was manifested in the basic hostility toward free trade proposals.
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References
1.
See also general discussions in Paul V. Horn and Hubert E. Bice, Latin-American Trade and Economics (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1949).
2.
2. Celso Furtado, Economic Development of Latin America: Historical Background and Contemporary Problems, trans. Suzette Macedo, 2d ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 35.
3.
3. Frank Safford, “Trade,” in Encyclopedia of Latin America, ed. Helen Delpar (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), p. 589.
4.
4. Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America, trans. Marjory Mattingly Urquidi (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), p. 60.
5.
5. Aníbal Pinto, Chile, un caso de desarrollo frustrado (Santiago: Editorial Universitaria, 1959), p. 39.
6.
6. Dexter Perkins, Hands Off: A History of the Monroe Doctrine (Boston: Little, Brown, 1946), p. 317.
7.
7. Samuel Flagg Bemis, The Latin American Policy of the United States: An Historical Interpretation (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1943), p. 126.
8.
8. Thomas F. McGann, Argentina, the United States and the Inter-American System, 1880-1914 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 134.
9.
Discussions tied to post-World War II developments are presented cogently in Víctor L. Urquidi, Free Trade and Economic Integration in Latin America: The Evolution of a Common Market Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964).
10.
10. For a more extensive discussion of positivism in Latin America, see Miguel Jorrín and John D. Martz, Latin-American Political Thought and Ideology (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970), pp. 121-154.
11.
11. William P. Glade, The Latin American Economies: A Study of Their Institutional Evolution (New York: American Books, 1969), pp. 235-236.
12.
12. For more detailed discussion, see Jorrín and Martz, Latin-American Political Thought, pp. 387-395.
13.
13. José Martí, The America of José Martí, trans. Juan de Onis (New York: Noonday Press, 1953), p. 46.
14.
14. See the broader discussion in J. Fred Rippy, “Literary Yankeephobia in Hispanic America,”Journal of International Relations, 12:352-371, 524-527 (1927).
15.
15. Eduardo Paulo da Silva Prado, A ilusão americana (Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1933).
16.
16. Carlos Pereyra, El mito de Monroe (Madrid: Editorial América, 1914).
17.
17. Manuel Ugarte, El destino de un continente (Madrid: Editorial Mundo Latino, 1923).
19. Jorge Castañeda, Mexico and the United States (New York: Manhattan Publishing, 1958), p. 170.
20.
20. A discussion of the contemporary integrationist movement that touches on important trade and economic issues is Federico G. Gil and John D. Martz, “The Integration of Latin America,” in Comparative Politics and Political Theory, ed. Edward L. Pinney (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966), pp. 123-141.
