Preface

1. United Nations Secretariat, Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Office for Development Research and Policy Analysis, 1985 Report on the World Social Situation, E/CN.51985/2 (1985).

2. “Unemployment on the job,” according to Janos Kornai, is one of “the immanent regularities of a socialist economy.” Kornai, Growth, Shortage and Efficiency: A Macrodynamic Model of the Socialist Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982). In concentrating on labor redundancy in Eastern Europe, however, Kornai fails to recognize that in capitalist countries stretch-outs on the job—both organized and unorganized—are regular responses to the well-founded fear that working more productively would mean working oneself out of a job.

3. Report from The International Council on Social Welfare, Working Group 9, 13th Regional Symposium on Social Welfare, Turku, Finland, 9-14 June 1985.