Preface

1. The complication is considered in Herbert Kaufman , The Limits of Organizational Change (University: University of Alabama Press, 1971).

2. For some discussion of this, see Jeffrey L. Pressman and Aaron B. Wildavsky , Implementation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973).

See, on the other hand, James Q. Wilson , The Investigators (New York: Basic Books, 1978).

4. Just illustratively, in: Fred A. Kramer , ed., Contemporary Approaches to Public Budgeting (Cambridge, MA: Winthrop, 1979); Fremont J. Lyden and Ernest G. Miller , eds., Public Budgeting: Program Planning and Evaluation, 3rd ed. (Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing, 1978); Peter Szanton , ed., Federal Reorganization (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers, 1981).

5. Martin Landau , “On the Concept of a Self-Correcting Organization,” Public Administration Review, 33:533 (Nov.-Dec. 1973).

6. Michael Polanyi , The Logic of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958); Charles E. Lindblom , The Intelligence of Democracy (New York: Free Press, 1965).

7. Vincent Ostrom , The Intellectual Crisis in American Public Administration, rev. ed. (University: University of Alabama Press, 1974), chs. 3-5.

8. The program known as OD, for organization development, may be included in this category for its human relations and community-enhancement bases, though that is something of a forced fit. On OD in general, and as a change-inducing program, see, for example, “Symposium: Organization Development,” Public Administration Review, 34:97 (Mar.-Apr. 1974).

9. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations , The Future of Federalism in the 1980s (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1981), ch. 1; William Ascher , Forecasting: An Appraisal for Policymakers and Planners (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); Robert U. Ayres , Uncertain Futures (New York: John Wiley, 1979).

10. Involved here are Chester A. Barnard's “two dilemmas of democratic administration”: we adopt policies by more or less narrow majorities but apply them more or less uniformly to all; we contemplate policies in the abstract and experience them necessarily in hard particulars. Organization and Management (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1948), ch. 2.

Frederick C. Mosher , “The Changing Responsibilities and Tactics of the Federal Government,” Public Administration Review, 40:541 (Nov.-Dec. 1980).

And for a contemporary account, see Burt Schorr and Andy Pasztor , “Reaganites Make Sure that the Bureaucracy Toes the Line on Policy,” Wall Street Journal, 10 Feb. 1982.

13. Here, among the many critics, I have in mind particularly Samuel P. Huntington , Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), ch. 2, and especially pp. 109-121.

14. The problem of relating political and career levels of public service in Washington is the focus of Hugh Heclo , A Government of Strangers: Executive Politics in Washington (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1977).

15. As in Graham Wallas , The Great Society (London: Macmillan, 1914).