Latino youth housing conditions have transformed dramatically over the past 20 years. Rates of household crowding have plummeted, nearly all Latino children are U.S.-born citizens, and broadband Internet access is widespread. However, Latino youth remain disadvantaged and their housing conditions remain understudied as they come of age in an era of housing crises, from foreclosures, evictions, to the novel coronavirus pandemic. This article examines Latino youth housing conditions since 2000, including crowding and mixed-nativity/status households. Multivariate analyses of national data show that eviction, foreclosure, and a representative zip code sample of COVID-19 case rates are strongly linked to the housing conditions of Latino youth. The article illustrates these links by analyzing and mapping eviction rates, foreclosure rates, and zip code coronavirus cases in the census tracts of Maricopa County, Arizona. The results underscore the urgent need for policies that invest in housing Latino youth to ensure that progress of the last 20 years is lasting.
AlbaRichard. 2020. The great demographic illusion: Majority, minority, and the expanding American mainstream. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2.
AlbaRichardNeeVictor. 2003. Remaking the American mainstream: Assimilation and contemporary America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
3.
AllenRyan. 2020. The relationship between legal status and housing cost burden for immigrants in the United States. Housing Policy Debate, 1–23. Available from https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2020.1848898.
4.
AlmagroMilenaCovenJoshuaGuptaArpitOrane-HuchinsonAngelo. 2020. Racial disparities in frontline workers and housing crowding during COVID-19: Evidence from geolocation data. Available from https://papers.ssrn.com/.
5.
AndersenLauren M.HardenStella R.SuggMargaret M.RunkleJennifer D.LundquistTaylor E.2021. Analyzing the spatial determinants of local Covid-19 transmission in the United States. Science of the Total Environment754:1–10.
6.
ArcayaMariana C.NidamYaelBinetAndrewGibsonReannGavinVedette. 2020. Rising home values and Covid-19 case rates in Massachusetts. Social Science & Medicine265:1–5.
7.
AsadAsad L.RosenEva. 2019. Hiding within racial hierarchies: How undocumented immigrants make residential decisions in an American city. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies45 (11): 1857–82.
8.
BachmeierJames D.Van HookJenniferBeanFrank D.2014. Can we measure immigrants’ legal status? Lessons from two US surveys. International Migration Review48 (2): 538–66.
9.
BäckerAlex. 2020. Non-Black Hispanic/Latinos spend more time outdoors and have lower COVID-19 morbidity than non-Hispanic/Latinos. Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3575217.
10.
BassettMary T.ChenJarvis T.KriegerNancy. 2020. Variation in racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality by age in the United States: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Medicine17 (10): e1003402. Available from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003402.
11.
BeanFrank D.BrownSusan K.BachmeierJames D.2015. Parents without papers: The progress and pitfalls of Mexican American integration. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
12.
BertocchiGraziellaDimicoArcangelo. 2020. Covid-19, race, and redlining. CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP15013. Available from https://ssrn.com/abstract=3650128.
13.
BorjasGeorge J.CassidyHugh. 2020. The adverse effect of the COVID-19 labor market shock on immigrant employment. NBER Working Paper No. w27243, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
14.
CappsRandyFixMichaelZongJie. 2016. A profile of U.S. children with unauthorized immigrant parents. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
ChettyRajFriedmanJohn N.HendrenNathanielStepnerMicahel. 2020. The economic impacts of COVID-19: Evidence from a new public database built using private sector data. Available from https://opportunityinsights.org.
17.
DeeThomas S.MurphyMark. 2020. Vanished classmates: The effects of local immigration enforcement on school enrollment. American Educational Research Journal57 (2): 694–727.
18.
DesmondMatthew. 2012. Eviction and the reproduction of urban poverty. American Journal of Sociology118 (1): 88–133.
19.
DesmondMatthewGershensonCarl. 2017. Who gets evicted? Assessing individual, neighborhood, and network factors. Social Science Research62:362–77.
20.
DesmondMatthewSchollenbergerTracey. 2015. Forced displacement from rental housing: Prevalence and neighborhood consequences. Demography52:1751–72.
21.
DiMaggioCharlesKleinMichaelBerryCherisseFrangosSpiros. 2020. Black/African American communities are at highest risk of COVID-19: Spatial modeling of New York City ZIP code-level testing results. Annals of Epidemiology51:7–13.
22.
DoughertyConor. 1August2020. Twelve people in a 3-bedroom house, then the virus entered the equation. New York Times.
Flores-GonzálezNilda. 2017. Citizens but not Americans: Race and belonging among Latino Millennials. New York, NY: New York University Press.
25.
GándaraPatriciaJensenBryant, eds. 2021. The students we share: Preparing US and Mexican educators for our transnational future. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
26.
Golash-BozaTanya. 2006. Dropping the hyphen? Becoming Latino(a)-American through racialized assimilation. Social Forces85 (1): 27–55.
27.
Golash-BozaTanya Maria. 2015. Deported: Immigrant policing, disposable labor, and global capitalism. New York, NY: New York University Press.
28.
GonzalesRoberto G.2016. Lives in limbo: Undocumented and coming of age in America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
29.
GonzalesRoberto G.CamachoSayilBrantKristinaAguilarCarlos. 2019. The long-term impact of DACA: Forging futures despite DACA’s uncertainty, findings from the National UnDACAmented Research Project (NURP). Cambridge, MA: Immigration Initiative at Harvard University. Available from https://immigrationinitiative.harvard.edu.
30.
GreenbergDeenaGershensonCarlDesmondMatthew. 2016. Discrimination in evictions: Empirical evidence and legal challenges. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review51:115–58.
31.
Grinstein-WeissMichalGuptaBrindaChunYungLeeHedwigDespardMathieu. 2020. Housing hardships reach unprecedented heights during the COVID-19 pandemic. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Available from www.brookings.edu.
32.
HallMatthewCrowderKyleSpringAmy. 2015. Variations in housing foreclosures by race and place, 2005–2012. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science660 (1): 217–37.
33.
HallMatthewGreenmanEmily. 2013. Housing and neighborhood quality among undocumented Mexican and Central American immigrants. Social Science Research42 (6): 1712–25.
34.
HallMatthewMusickKellyYiYoungmin. 2019. Living arrangements and household complexity among undocumented immigrants. Population and Development Review45 (1): 81–101.
35.
HallMatthewStringfieldJonathan. 2014. Undocumented migration and the residential segregation of Mexicans in new destinations. Social Science Research47:61–78.
36.
HamidiShimaSabouriSadeghEwingReid. 2020. Does density aggravate the COVID-19 pandemic?Journal of the American Planning Association86 (4): 495–509.
37.
HatchMegan E.2017. Statutory protection for renters: Classification of state landlord-tenant policy approaches. Housing Policy Debate27 (1): 98–119.
38.
HuanteAlfredo. 2021. A lighter shade of brown? Racial formation and gentrification in Latino Los Angeles. Social Problems68 (1): 63–79.
39.
PhilipKasinitzMollenkopfJohn H.WatersMary C.HoldawayJennifer. 2010. Inheriting the city: The children of immigrants come of age. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
40.
KearneyMelissaPardueLuke. 2020. Exposure on the job: Who are the essential workers who likely cannot work from home?Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Available from https://www.brookings.edu/research/exposure-on-the-job/.
41.
KeisterLisa A.Agius VallejoJodyBorelliE. Paige. 2015. Mexican American mobility: Early life processes and adult wealth ownership. Social Forces93 (3): 1015–46.
42.
KoballHeatherCappsRandyPerreiraKristinCampetellaAndreaHookerSarahPedrozaJuan ManuelMonsonWilliamHuertaSandra. 2015. Health and social service needs of U.S.-citizen children with detained or deported immigrant parents. Washington, DC: Urban Institute and Migration Policy Institute.
43.
LeeBarrett A.EvansMegan. 2020. Forced to move: Patterns and predictors of residential displacement during an era of housing insecurity. Social Science Research87:1–26.
44.
LeeJenniferZhouMin. 2015. The Asian American achievement paradox. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
45.
LichterDaniel T.JohnsonKenneth M.2021. Opportunity and place: Latinx children and America’s future. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (this volume).
46.
MasseyDouglas S.AlbrightLenCascianoRebeccaDericksonElizabethKinseyDavid N.2013. Climbing Mount Laurel: The struggle for affordable housing and social mobility in an American suburb. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
47.
MasseyDouglas S.DurandJorgePrenKaren A.2016. Why border enforcement backfired. American Journal of Sociology121 (5): 1557–1600.
48.
McConnellEileen Díaz. 2008. U.S. Latinos/as and the “American dream”: Diverse populations and unique challenges in housing. In Latinas/os in the United States: Changing the face of America, eds. RodríguezHavidanSaenzRogelioMenjívarCecilia, 87–100. New York, NY: Springer.
49.
McConnellEileen Díaz. 2015. Restricted movement: Nativity, citizenship, legal status, and the residential crowding of Latinos in Los Angeles. Social Problems62 (1): 141–62.
50.
McConnellEileen DíazMarcelliEnrico A.2007. Buying into the American dream? Mexican immigrants, legal status, and homeownership in Los Angeles County. Social Science Quarterly88 (1): 199–221.
51.
MedinaRichard M.ByrneKaraBrewerSimonNicolosiEmily A.2020. Housing inequalities: Eviction patterns in Salt Lake County, Utah. Cities104. Available from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102804.
52.
MerrittBreancaFarnworthMorgan D.2020. State landlord–tenant policy and eviction rates in majority-minority neighborhoods. Housing Policy Debate. Available from https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2020.1828989.
53.
PedrozaJuan M.2019. Where immigration enforcement agreements stalled: The location of local 287(g) program applications and inquiries (2005–2012). SocArXiv. Available from https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/2a8kz.
54.
PfeifferDeirdreLucioJoanna. 2015. An unexpected geography of opportunity in the wake of the foreclosure crisis: Low-income renters in investor-purchased foreclosures in Phoenix, Arizona. Urban Geography36 (8): 1197–1220.
55.
PfeifferDeirdreMolinaEmily Tumpson. 2013. The trajectory of REOs in Southern California Latino neighborhoods: An uneven geography of recovery. Housing Policy Debate23 (1): 81–109.
56.
PortonA.GromisA.DesmondM.2020. Inaccuracies in eviction records: Implications for renters and researchers. Housing Policy Debate. Available from https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2020.1748084.
57.
ReidCarolina K.BocianDebbieLiWeiQuerciaRoberto G.2017. Revisiting the subprime crisis: The dual mortgage market and mortgage defaults by race and ethnicity. Journal of Urban Affairs39 (4): 469–87.
Rodríguez-DíazCarlos E.Guilamo-RamosVincentMenaLeandroHallEricHonermannBrianCrowleyJeffrey S.BaralStefanPradoGuillermo J.Marzan-RodriguezMelissaBeyrerChrisSullivanPatrick S.MillettGregorio A.2020. Risk for COVID-19 infection and death among Latinos in the United States: Examining heterogeneity in transmission dynamics. Annals of Epidemiology52:46–53.
60.
RugglesStevenFloodSarahGoekenRonaldGroverJosiahMeyerErinPacasJoseSobekMatthew. 2020. IPUMS USA: Version 10.0 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. Available from https://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V10.0.
61.
RughJacob S.2015. Double jeopardy: Why Latinos were hit hardest by the US foreclosure crisis. Social Forces93 (3): 1139–84.
62.
RughJacob S.2019. Vanishing wealth, vanishing votes? Latino homeownership and the 2016 election in Florida. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies46 (18): 3829–54.
63.
RughJacob S.2020. Why Black and Latino home ownership matter to the color line and multiracial democracy. Race and Social Problems12 (1): 57–76.
64.
RughJacob S.HallMatthew. 2016. Deporting the American dream: Immigration enforcement and Latino foreclosures. Sociological Science3:1053–76.
65.
SalgadoCasandra D.OrtizVilma. 2019. Mexican Americans and wealth: Economic status, family and place. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Available from https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1592878.
66.
ShulzAmy J.OmariAmelWardMelanieMentzGraciela B.2020. Independent and joint contributions of economic, social, and physical environmental characteristics to mortality in the Detroit Metropolitan Area: A study of cumulative effect and pathways. Health and Place65. Available from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102391.
VallejoJody Agius. 2012. Barrios to burbs: The making of the Mexican-American middle class. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
73.
Van HookJenniferGlickJennifer E.2020. Spanning borders, cultures, and generations: A decade of research on immigrant families. Journal of Marriage and Family82 (1): 224–43.
74.
VargasEdward D.SanchezGabriel R.2020. COVID-19 is having a devastating impact on the economic well-being of Latino families. Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy3 (4): 262–69.
75.
WongTom K.RosasGreisa MartinezLunaAdamManningHenryReynaAdrianO’SheaPatrickJawetzTomWolginPhilip E.2017. DACA recipients’ economic and educational gains continue to grow. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress. Available from https://www.americanprogress.org.
YiHoonchongKreuterUrs P.HanDaikwonGüneralpBurak. 2018. Social segregation of ecosystem services delivery in the San Antonio region, Texas, through 2050. Science of the Total Environment667:234–47.
78.
ZhouMinGonzalesRoberto G.2019. Divergent destinies: Children of immigrants growing up in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology45:383–99.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
