The Multi-level Integrated Database Approach (MIDA) is an innovative procedure to improve survey research in general and to assess and adjust for nonresponse bias in particular. Its utility for data collection, nonresponse measurement, estimate adjustment, interviewer validation, and analysis are considered. Also discussed is how MIDA extends survey methodology beyond existing practices. A demonstration of a MIDA-enhanced sample frame for U.S. households is carried out. Finally, further steps for the use and testing of MIDA are covered.
AlesinaAlbertoLaFerraraEliana2000. Participation in heterogeneous communities. Quarterly Journal of Economics115 (3): 847–904.
2.
AndersonBarbara A.SilverBrian D.1986. Measurement and mismeasurement of the validity of self-reported vote. American Journal of Political Science80 (4): 771–85.
3.
Audit Bureau of Circulations. 2005. Turning information into inspiration: Annual report 2005. Arlington Heights, IL: Audit Bureau of Circulations. Available from http://www.accessabc.com (accessed 12 June 2012).
4.
BaumerEric P.MessnerSteven F.RosenfeldRichard2003. Explaining spatial variation in support for capital punishment: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Sociology108 (4): 844–75.
5.
BergeKeith H.MaiersDeborah R.SchreinerDavid P.JewellStephen M.BechtlePerry S.SchroederDarrel R.StevensSusan R.LanierWilliam L.2005. Resource utilization and outcome in gravely ill intensive care unit patients with predicted in-hospital mortality rates of 95% or higher by APACHE IIIs scores. Mayo Clinic Proceedings80 (2): 166–73.
6.
BethlehemJelke G.2001. Weighting nonresponse adjustments based on auxiliary information. In Survey nonresponse, eds. GrovesRobert M.DillmanDon A.LittleRoderick J. A.EltingeJohn L., 275–88. New York, NY: John Wiley.
7.
BillyJohn O. G.MooreDavid E.1992. A multilevel analysis of marital and nonmarital fertility in the U.S. Social Forces70 (4): 977–1011.
8.
BoardmanJason D.FinchBrian K.EllisonChristopher G.WilliamsDavid R.JacksonJames S.2001. Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior42 (2): 151–65.
9.
BoboLawrenceGilliamFranklin D.Jr.1990. Race, sociopolitical participation, and black empowerment. American Political Science Review84 (2): 377–93.
10.
BracePaulSims-ButlerKellieArceneauxKevinJohnsonMartin2002. Public opinion in the American states: New perspectives using national survey data. American Journal of Political Science46 (1): 173–89.
11.
BranasCharles C.MacKenzieEllen J.WilliamsJustin C.SchwabWilliamTeterHarry M.FlaniganMarie C.BlattAlan J.ReVelleCharles S.2005. Access to trauma centers in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association293 (21): 2626–33.
12.
BrewsterKarin L.1994a. Neighborhood context and the transition to sexual activity among young black women. Demography31 (4): 603–4.
13.
BrewsterKarin L.1994b. Race differences in sexual activity among adolescent women: The role of neighborhood characteristics. American Sociological Review59 (3): 408–24.
14.
BrickJ. MichaelBroenePam1997. Unit and item response, weighting, and imputation procedures in the 1995 National Household Education Survey (NHES:95). National Center for Education Statistics Working Paper No. 97-06, Washington, DC.
15.
BrickJ. MichaelJudkinsDavidMontaquilaJillMorgansteinDavidShapiroGary2000. Evaluating secondary data sources for random digit dialing samples. In JSM proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, 7–14. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
16.
BrickJ. MichaelMartinDavidWarrenPatriciaWivaggJ.2003. Increased efforts in RDD surveys. In JSM proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, 26–31. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
17.
BrickJ. MichaelMontaquilaJillScheurenFritz2002. Estimating residency rates for undetermined telephone numbers. Public Opinion Quarterly66 (1): 18–39.
18.
Brooks-GunnJeanneDuncanGreg J.KlebanovPamelaSealandNaomi1993. Do neighborhoods influence child and adolescent development?American Journal of Sociology99 (2): 353–95.
19.
BrowningChristopher R.LeventhalTamaBrooks-GunnJeanne2004. Neighborhood context and racial differences in early adolescent sexual activity. Demography41 (4): 697–702.
20.
BrowningChristopher R.Olinger-WilbonMatisa2003. Neighborhood structure, social organization, and number of short-term sexual partnerships. Journal of Marriage and the Family65 (3): 730–45.
21.
BrykAnthony S.RaudenbushStephen W.1988. Toward a more appropriate conceptualization of research on school effects: A three-level hierarchical linear model. American Journal of Education97 (1): 65–108.
22.
BurdenBarry C.2000. Voter turnout and the National Election Studies. Political Analysis8 (4): 389–98.
23.
CampanelliPamelaSturgisPatrickPurdonSusan1997. Can you hear me knocking? An investigation into the impact of interviewers on survey response rates. London: Survey Methods Centre, Social and Community Planning Research, University of London.
24.
CantorDavidCunninghamPatricia2002. Methods for obtaining high response rates in telephone surveys. In Studies of welfare populations: Data collection and research issues, eds. PloegMichele VerMoffittRobert A.CitroConstance F., 55–85. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
25.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2004. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats04/toc2004.htm (accessed 22 June 2012).
26.
CharlesCamille Zubrinsky2003. The dynamics of racial residential segregation. Annual Review of Sociology29:167–207.
27.
CohenCathy J.DawsonMichael C.1993. Neighborhood poverty and African American politics. American Political Science Review87 (2): 286–302.
28.
CohenDeborahSpearSuzanneScribnerRichardKissingerPattyMasonKarenWildgenJohn2000. Broken windows and the risk of gonorrhea. American Journal of Public Health90 (2): 230–36.
29.
Committee on State Voter Registration Databases. 2008. State voter registration databases. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
30.
Committee on State Voter Registration Databases. 2009. Improving state voter registration databases: Final report. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
31.
ConverseJean M.SchumanHoward1974. Conversations at random: Survey research as interviewers see it. New York, NY: John Wiley.
32.
CostaDora L.KahnMatthew E.2003. Civic engagement and community heterogeneity: An economist’s perspective. Perspectives on Politics1 (1): 103–11.
33.
CotterDavid A.DeFioreJoAnnHermsenJoan M.KowalewskiBrenda MarstellerVannemanReeve1998. The demand for female labor. American Journal of Sociology103 (6): 1673–1712.
34.
CouperMick P.GrovesRobert M.1996. Social environmental impacts on survey cooperation. Quality & Quantity30 (2): 173–88.
35.
CouperMick P.and Lars Lyberg. 2005. The use of paradata in survey research. Paper presented at the 55th Session of the International Statistical Institute, Sydney, Australia.
36.
CouperMick P.SingerEleanorKulkaRichard A.1998. Participation in the 1990 decennial census: Politics, privacy, pressures. American Politics Quarterly26 (1): 59–80.
37.
CovingtonJ.TaylorR. B.1991. Fear of crime in urban residential neighborhoods: Implications of between- and within-neighborhood sources for current models. Sociological Quarterly32 (2): 231–49.
38.
CoxChristine S.2006. Integrating data: Policy and legal issues. Report prepared for the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, November, Washington, DC.
39.
CraneJonathan1991. The epidemic theory of ghettos and neighborhood effects on dropping out and teenage childbearing. American Journal of Sociology96 (6): 1226–59.
40.
DavernMichael2006. Evaluating linked survey and administrative data for policy research. Paper presented to the Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, November, Washington, DC.
41.
DavisJames A.SmithTom W.MarsdenPeter V.2009. General Social Survey cumulative codebook, 1972–2008. Chicago, IL: NORC.
42.
De JongGordon F.SteinmetzMichele2004. Receptivity attitudes and the occupational attainment of male and female immigrant workers. Population Research and Policy Review23 (2): 91–116.
43.
DiPreteThomas A.ForristalJerry D.1994. Multivariate models: Methods and substance. Annual Review of Sociology20:331–57.
44.
DiSograCharlesCallegaroMarioHendarwan.Erlina2009. Recruiting probability-based web panel members using an address-based sample frame: Results from a pilot study conducted by knowledge networks. Paper presented to the American Statistical Association, August, Washington, DC. Available from http://www.knowledgenetworks.com/ganp/docs/jsm2009/abs_jsm_2009_submitted.pdf (accessed 22 June 2012).
45.
DixonJeffrey C.RosenbaumMichael S.2004. Nice to know you? Testing contact, cultural, and group threat theories of anti-black and anti-Hispanic stereotypes. Social Science Quarterly85 (2): 257–80.
46.
DowneyLiam2006. Using geographic information systems to reconceptualize spatial relationships and ecological context. American Journal of Sociology112 (2): 567–612.
47.
D’UrsoVictoria T.2003. Internet use and the duration of buying and selling in the residential housing market, economic incentives, and voting. PhD diss., Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
48.
EkholmAndersLaaksonenSeppo1991. Weighting via response modeling in the Finnish Household Budget Survey. Journal of Official Statistics7 (3): 325–37.
49.
FairMartha E.1996. Record linkage in an information age society. In Proceedings of the Census Bureau’s Conference and Technology Interchange. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Available from http://www.census.gov/prod/2/gen/96arc/xia-fair.pdf (accessed 22 June 2012).
50.
FBI. 2004. Uniform crime reporting program data: County-level detailed arrest and offense data, 2004. Washington, DC: FBI.
51.
FordJulieBeveridgeAndrew A.2006. Neighborhood crime victimization, drug use, and drug sales. Journal of Drug Issues36 (2): 393–416.
52.
FowlerFloyd J.Jr.GallagherPatricia M.StringfellowVickie L.ZaslavskyAlan M.ThompsonJoseph W.ClearyPaul D.2002. Using telephone interviews to reduce nonresponse bias to mail surveys of health plan members. Medical Care40 (3): 190–200.
53.
GaleaSandroAhernJenniferVlahovDavid2003. Contextual determinants of drug use risk behavior: A theoretic framework. Review of Economics and Statistics80 (S3): 257–68.
54.
GatewoodGeorge2001. A monograph on confidentiality and privacy in the U.S. Census. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau.
55.
GelmanAndrewCarlinJohn B.2002. Poststratification and weighting adjustments. In Survey nonresponse, eds. GrovesRobert M.DillmanDon A.EltingeJohn L.LittleRoderick J. A.289–303. New York, NY: John Wiley.
56.
GeronimusArline T.BoundJohnNeidertLisa J.1996. On the validity of using census geocode characteristics to proxy individual socioeconomic characteristics. Journal of the American Statistical Association91 (434): 529–37.
57.
GfroererJosephLesslerJudithParsleyTeresa1997. Studies of nonresponse and measurement error in the National Household Survey of Drug Abuse. In The validity of self-reported drug use: Improving the accuracy of survey estimates, eds. HarrisonLanaHughesArthur, 273–95. NIH Publication No. 97-4147, NIDA Research Monograph 167. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
58.
GibsonJames L.1995. The political freedom of African Americans: A contextual analysis of racial attitudes, political tolerance, and individual liberty. Political Geography14 (6/7): 571–99.
59.
GilbertChristopher P.1991. Religion, neighborhood environments, and partisan behavior: A contextual analysis. Political Geography Quarterly10 (2): 110–31.
60.
GlaeserEdward L.GlendonSpender1998. Who owns guns? Criminals, victims, and the culture of violence. American Economic Review88 (2): 458–62.
61.
GoyderJohnLockJeanMcNairTrish1992. Urbanization effects on survey nonresponse: A test within and across cities. Quality & Quantity26 (1): 39–48.
GrovesRobert M.2006. Nonresponse rates and nonresponse bias in household surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly70 (5): 646–75.
64.
GrovesRobert M.CouperMick P.1998. Nonresponse in household interview surveys. New York, NY: John Wiley.
65.
GrovesRobert M.CouperMick P.2001. Designing surveys acknowledging nonresponse. In Studies of welfare populations: Data collection and research issues, eds. PloegMichele VerMoffittRobert A.CitroConstance F., 11–54. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
66.
GrovesRobert M.LybergLars2010. Total survey error: Past, present, and future. Public Opinion Quarterly74 (5): 849–79.
67.
GrovesRobert M.SingerEleanorCorningAmy2000. Leverage-saliency theory of survey participation: Description and an illustration. Public Opinion Quarterly64 (3): 299–308.
68.
GrubesicTony H.MatisziwTimothy C.2006. On the use of ZIP codes and ZIP code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) for the spatial analysis of epidemiological data. International Journal of Health Geographics5 (58): 1–15.
69.
HarterRachelEckmanStephanieEnglishNedO’MuircheartaighColm2010. Applied sampling for large-scale, multi-stage area probability designs. In Handbook of survey research, 2nd ed., eds. MarsdenPeter V.WrightJames D.Bingley, UK: Emerald Group.
70.
HarveyBart J.WilkinsAnnette L.HawkerGillian A.BadleyElizabeth M.CoytePeter C.GlazierRichard H.WilliamsJ. IvanWrightJames G.2003. Using publicly available directories to trace survey nonresponders and calculate adjusted response rates. American Journal of Epidemiology158:1007–11.
71.
HillMark E.RosenwaikeIra2001–2002. The Social Security Administration’s Death Master File: The completeness of death reporting at older ages. Social Security Bulletin64 (1): 45–51.
72.
HolmesThomas J.1999. Localization of industry and vertical disintegration. Review of Economics and Statistics81 (2): 314–25.
73.
HouseJames S.WolfSharon1978. Effects of urban residence on interpersonal trust and helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology36 (9): 1029–43.
74.
JencksChristopher.1999. What is the optimal level of inequality? Unpublished paper, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
75.
JencksChristopherMayerSusan E.1990. The social consequences of growing up in a poor neighborhood. In Inner-city poverty in the United States, ed. LynnLaurence E., 111–86. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
76.
JenkinsStephen P.LynnPeterJäckleAnnetteSalaEmanuela2005. Linking household survey and administrative record data: What should the matching variables be?Discussion Paper 489, DIW Berlin, Institute for Economic Research, Berlin. Available at http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.43285.de/dp489.pdf (accessed 8 June 2012).
77.
JohnsonTimothyChoYoung Ik2004. Understanding nonresponse mechanisms in telephone surveys. In JSM proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, 4952–59. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
78.
JohnsonTimothy P.ChoYoung IkCampbellRichard T.HolbrookAllyson L.2006. Using community-level correlates to evaluate nonresponse effects in a telephone survey. Public Opinion Quarterly70 (5): 704–19.
79.
JohnstonS.ClaiborneWilsonCharles B.HalbachVan V.HigashidaRandall T.DowdChristopher F.McDermottMichael W.AppleburyCarol B.FarleyThomas L.GressDaryl R.2000. Endovascular and surgical treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms: Comparison of risks. Annals of Neurology48 (1): 11–19.
80.
JonesDale E.2002. Religious congregations and membership in the United States, 2000. Nashville, TN: Glenmary Research Center.
81.
KalsbeekWilliam D.YangJuanAgansRobert P.2002. Predictors of nonresponse in a longitudinal survey of adolescents. In JSM proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, 1740–45. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
82.
KaltonGrahamKasprzykDaniel1986. The treatment of missing survey data. Survey Methodology12 (1): 1–16.
83.
KawachiIchiroKennedyBruce P.LochnerKimberly1997. Long live community: Social capital and public health. The American Prospect35 (spring): 56–59.
84.
KawachiIchiroKennedyBruce P.LochnerKimberlyProthrow-StithDeborah1997. Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal of Public Health87 (9): 1491–98.
85.
KennedyCourtneyKeeterScottDimockMichael2008. A “brute force” estimation of the residency rate for undetermined telephone numbers in an RDD survey. Public Opinion Quarterly72 (1): 28–39.
86.
KennickellArthur B.1997. Analysis of nonresponse effects in the 1995 Survey of Consumer Finances. In JSM proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, 377–83. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
87.
KennickellArthur B.2005. Darkness made visible: Field management and nonresponse in the 2004 SCF. In JSM proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, 3187–94. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
88.
KeyWanda L.StephanieMiracle2009. What are “bad” addresses and what do you do with them—exactly?Paper presented to the National Postal Forum, May, Washington, DC.
89.
KimJibumSmithTom W.SokolowskiJohn2006. Ecological correlates of cooperation rate in the 2002 and 2004 General Social Survey. Paper presented to the American Association for Public Opinion Research, May, Montreal, Canada.
90.
KojetinBrian A.1994. Characteristics of nonrespondents to the Current Population Survey (CPS) and Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey (CEIS). In JSM proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, 966–71. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
91.
KriegerNancyChenJarvis T.WatermanPamela D.SoobaderMah-JabeenSubramanianS. V.CarsonRosa2002a. Geocoding and monitoring of U.S. socioeconomic inequalities in mortality and cancer incidence: Does the choice of area-based measure and geographic level matter?American Journal of Epidemiology156 (5): 471–82.
92.
KriegerNancyChenJarvis T.WatermanPamela D.SoobaderMah-JabeenSubramanianS. V.CarsonRosa2002b. Zip code caveat: Bias due to spatiotemporal mismatches between zip codes and U.S. Census–defined geographic areas. American Journal of Public Health92 (7): 1100–1102.
93.
LatkinCarl A.CurryAaron D.2003. Stressful neighborhoods and depression: A prospective study of the impact of neighborhood disorder. Journal of Health and Social Behavior44 (1): 34–44.
LepkowskiJames M.CouperMick P.2002. Nonresponse in the second wave of longitudinal household surveys. In Survey nonresponse, eds. GrovesRobert M.DillmanDon A.EltingeJohn L.LittleRoderick J. A., 259–74. New York, NY: John Wiley.
96.
LesslerJudith T.KalsbeekWilliam D.1992. Nonsampling error in surveys. New York, NY: John Wiley.
97.
LoosveldtGeertCartonAnn2002. Utilitarian individualism and panel nonresponse. International Journal of Public Opinion Research14 (4): 428–38.
98.
LuttmerErzo F. P.1998. Understanding income redistribution: The role of interpersonal preference, information, and mechanism design. PhD diss., Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
99.
LynnPeter2002. PEDAKSI: Methodology for collecting data about survey nonrespondents. Quality & Quantity37 (3): 239–61.
100.
LynnPeterClarkPaulMartinJeanSturgessPatrick2002. The effect of extended interviewer efforts on nonresponse bias. In Survey nonresponse, eds. GrovesRobert M.DillmanDon A.EltingeJohn L.LittleRoderick J. A., 135–49. New York, NY: John Wiley.
101.
MarcusPamela M.BergstralhErik J.ZweigMark H.HarrisAnnOffordKenneth P.FontanaRobert S.2006. Extended lung cancer incidence follow-up in the Mayo Lung Project and overdiagnosis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute98 (11): 748–56.
102.
MarkerDavid A.David R.JudkinsMarianneWinglee2002. Large-scale imputation for complex surveys. In Survey nonresponse, eds. GrovesRobert M.DillmanDon A.EltingeJohn L.LittleRoderick J. A., 329–42. New York, NY: John Wiley.
103.
MasseyDouglas S.EggersMitchell L.1990. The ecology of inequality: Minorities and the concentration of poverty. American Journal of Sociology95 (5): 1153–88.
104.
MasseyDouglas S.Andrew B.GrossKumikoShibuya1994. Migration, segregation, and the geographic concentration of poverty. American Sociological Review59 (3): 425–45.
105.
McLeodJaneEdwardsKevan1995. Contextual determinants of children’s responses to poverty. Social Forces73 (4): 1487–516.
106.
MellorJennifer M.JeffreyMilyo2005. State social capital and individual health status. Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law30 (6): 1101–30.
107.
MengXiao-Li2002. A congenial overview and investigation of multiple imputation inferences under uncongeniality. In Survey nonresponse, eds. GrovesRobert M.DillmanDon A.EltingeJohn L.LittleRoderick J. A., 343–56. New York, NY: John Wiley.
108.
MerkleDanielLangerGaryCohenJonPiekarskiLindaBenfordRobertLambertDavid2009. Unintended consequences: The cost of purging business numbers in RDD surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly73 (3): 484–96.
109.
MinatoHiroakiLuoLidan2004. Towards a better estimate of the working residential number (WRN) rate among the undetermined: An application of survival analysis. In JSM proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, 3933–39. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
110.
MontaquilaJill M.BrickMichael J.1997. Unit and item response rates, weighting, and imputation procedures in the 1996 National Household Education Survey. National Center for Education Statistics Working Paper 97-40, Washington, DC.
111.
MooreDanna L.JohnTarnai2002. Evaluating nonresponse error in mail surveys. In Survey nonresponse, eds. GrovesRobert M.DillmanDon A.EltingeJohn L.LittleRoderick J. A., 197–212. New York, NY: John Wiley.
112.
MooreLaura M.1999. A multi-level analysis of attitudes regarding women in politics: Why is the United States South different? PhD diss., Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, College Park.
113.
MooreLaura M.ReeveVanneman2003. Context matters: Effects of the proportion of fundamentalists on gender attitudes. Social Forces82 (1): 115–39.
114.
MurrayMary CayJessicaCardoniErinFosterChrisBeckerPaulBuckleyMarcieCynamon2003. Impact of changes in the telephone environment on RDD telephone surveys. Paper presented to the American Association for Public Opinion Research, May, Nashville, TN.
115.
NolinMary JoJillMontaquilaPatriciaNicchittaKwangKimBrianKleinerJeanLennonChristopherChapmanSeanCreightonStaceyBielick.2000. National Household Education Survey of 1999: Methodology report. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
116.
ObenskiSally2006. Models and applications of administrative records research. Paper presented at the Workshop on Data Linkages to Improve Health Outcomes, September 19. Washington, DC: National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, Subcommittee on Population, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
117.
O’HareBarbara C.SonjaZinielGrovesRobert M.2005. Modeling components of response propensity in centralized telephone surveys. Paper presented to the American Association for Public Opinion Research, May, Miami Beach, FL.
118.
O’MuircheartaighColm.2003. There and back again: Demographic survey sampling in the 21st century. Washington, DC: Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology. Available from www.fcsm.gov/events/papers2003.html (accessed 12 June 2012).
119.
OreopoulosPhilip2003. The long-run consequences of living in a poor neighborhood. Quarterly Journal of Economics118 (4): 1533–75.
120.
PappasGregoryHaddenWilbur C.KozakLola JeanFisherGail F.1997. Potentially avoidable hospitalizations: Inequalities in rates between U.S. socioeconomic groups. American Journal of Public Health87 (5): 811–16.
121.
PeelJennifer L.MetzgerKristi BusicoKleinMitchelDanaW.FlandersJamesMulhollandA.TolberPaige E.2005. Ambient air pollution and respiratory emergency department visits. Epidemiology165 (6): 625–33.
122.
PeeplesFaithLoeberRolf1994. Do individual factors and neighborhood context explain ethnic differences in juvenile delinquency?Journal of Quantitative Criminology10 (2): 141–57.
123.
PowellLisa M.SandySlaterMirtchevaDonkaBaoYanjunChaloupkaFrank J.2006. Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States. Preventive Medicine44 (3): 189–95.
124.
RaghunathanTrivelloreVan HoewykJohn2005. Disclosure risk assessment for survey microdata. Unpublished paper, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Available from http://www-personal.umich.edu/~teraghu/Raghunathan-Van%20Hoewyk-2.pdf (accessed 12 June 2012).
125.
RahnWendy M.RudolphThomas J.2005. A tale of political trust in American cities. Public Opinion Quarterly69 (4): 530–60.
126.
RaudenbushStephenBrykAnthony S.2002. Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
127.
RegnerusMark D.2003. Moral communities and adolescent delinquency: Religious contexts and community social control. Sociological Quarterly64 (4): 523–54.
128.
RosenfeldRichardBrayTimothy M.EgleyArlen1999. Facilitating violence: A comparison of gang-motivated, gang-affiliated, and nongang youth homicides. Journal of Quantitative Criminology15 (4): 495–516.
129.
RosenfeldRichardMessnerSteven F.1998. Beyond the criminal justice system: Anomie, institutional vitality, and crime in the United States. Paper presented to the American Sociological Association, August, San Francisco, CA.
130.
RosenfeldRichardMessnerSteven F.BaumerEric P.2001. Social capital and homicide. Social Forces80 (1): 283–309.
131.
SafirAdamSteinbachRebeccaTriplettTimothyWangKevin2002. Effects on survey estimates from reducing nonresponse. In JSM proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, 3024–29. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
132.
SalvoJosephLoboPeter A.2003. The effect of neighborhood characteristics on nonresponse in the Bronx test site of the American Community Survey. In JSM proceedings, Survey Research Methods Section, 3624–35. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
133.
SampsonRobert J.Jeffrey D.MorenoffFeltonEarls1999. Beyond social capital: Spatial dynamics of collective efficacy for children. American Sociological Review64 (5): 633–60.
134.
SampsonRobert J.Stephen W.RaudenbushFeltonEarls1997. Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science277 (5328): 918–24.
SmithTom W.1994. Anti-Semitism in contemporary America. New York, NY: American Jewish Committee.
141.
SmithTom W.1999. A methodological analysis of HIV risk behavior from the 1988–1998 General Social Survey. GSS Methodological Report No. 92. Chicago, IL: NORC.
142.
SmithTom W.2002. Developing nonresponse standards. In Survey nonresponse, eds. GrovesRobert M.DillmanDon A.EltingeJohn L.LittleRoderick J. A., 27–40. New York, NY: John Wiley.
143.
SmithTom W.2005. Total survey error. In Encyclopedia of social measurement, ed. Kempf-LeonardKimberly, 857–62. New York, NY: Academic Press.
144.
SmithTom W.2006. Estimating the status of cases with unknown eligibility in telephone surveys. Paper presented to the Second International Conference on Telephone Survey Methodology, January, Miami, FL.
145.
SmithTom W.2007. Survey non-response in cross-national perspective: The 2005 ISSP nonresponse survey. Survey Research Methods1 (1): 45–54.
146.
SmithTom W.JohnSokolowski2011. Using audio-visuals in surveys. In The handbook of emergent technologies in social research, ed. Hesse-BiberSharlene, 437–52. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
147.
SnedkerKaren A.HertingJerald R.WaltonEmily C.2009. Contextual effects and adolescent substance use: Exploring the role of neighborhoods. Social Science Quarterly90 (5): 1272–97.
148.
SouthScottBaumerEric P.2001. Community effects on the resolution of adolescent premarital pregnancy. Journal of Family Issues22 (8): 1025–42.
149.
SouthScottBaumerEric P.LutzAmy2003. Interpreting community effects on youth educational attainment. Youth and Society35 (1): 3–36.
150.
SteehCharlotte G.NicoleKirgisBrianCannonJeffDeWitt2001. Are they really as bad as they seem? Nonresponse rates at the end of the twentieth century. Journal of Official Statistics17 (2): 227–47.
151.
StoopIneke A. L.2004. Survey nonrespondents. Field Methods16 (1): 23–54.
152.
StoopIneke A. L.2005. The hunt for the last respondent: Nonresponse in sample surveys. The Hague, the Netherlands: Social and Cultural Planning Office.
153.
TaylorMarylee C.1998. How white attitudes vary with the racial composition of local populations: Numbers count. American Sociological Review63 (4): 512–35.
154.
TaylorMarylee C.2002. Fraternal deprivation, collective threat, and racial resentment: Perspectives on white racism. In Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration, eds. WalkerIanSmithHeather J., 13–43. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
155.
ThomasAvis J.EberlyLynn E.SmithGeorge DaveyNeatonJames D.2006. ZIP-code-based versus tract-based income measures as long-term risk-adjusted mortality predictors. American Journal of Epidemiology164 (6): 586–90.
156.
TolbertCharles M.LysonThomas A.IrwinMichael D.1998. Local capitalism, civic engagement, and socioeconomic well-being. Social Forces77 (2): 401–27.
157.
TraubJanePilhujKathyMallettDaniel T.2005. You don’t have to accept low survey response rates: How we achieved the highest survey cooperation rates in company history. Paper presented to the American Association for Public Opinion Research, May, Miami Beach, FL.
158.
TurrellGavinPattersonCarlaOldenburgBrianGouldTrishRoyMarie-Andree2003. The socio-economic patterning of survey participation and non-response error in a multilevel study of food purchasing behaviour: Area- and individual-level characteristics. Public Health Nutrition6 (2): 181–89.
159.
U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development. 1998. A picture of subsidized households—1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Available from http://www.huduser.org/datasets/assthsg/statedata98/ (accessed 4 June 2012).
160.
van GoorHenkJansmaFolbertVeenstraRene2005. Differences in undercoverage and nonresponse between city neighborhoods in a telephone survey. Psychological Reports96 (3): 867–78.
161.
VoogtRobert J.van KempenHetty J.2002. Nonresponse bias and stimulus effects in the Dutch National Election Study. Quality & Quantity36 (4): 325–45.
162.
WeakliemDavid L.1997. Race versus class? Racial composition and class voting 1936–1992. Social Forces75 (3): 939–56.
163.
WeakliemDavid L.RobertBiggert1999. Region and political opinion in the contemporary United States. Social Forces77 (3): 863–86.
164.
WilliamsJasonMcWilliamsAlisaMainieriTinaPecoraPeter J.La BelleKarin2006. Enhancing the validity of foster care follow-up studies through multiple alumni location strategies. Child Welfare85 (3): 499–521.
165.
WirthLouis1938. Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal of Sociology44 (1): 3–24.
166.
ZanuttoElaineZaslavskyAlan2002. Using administrative records to impute nonresponse. In Survey nonresponse, eds. GrovesRobert M.DillmanDon A.EltingeJohn L.LittleRoderick J. A., 403–17. New York, NY: John Wiley.
