This article reflects on the progress of research on developmental and life-course criminology, comments on the status of some unresolved issues, and offers recommendations for the future. The first sections relate these articles and the current status of the field to two themes from the criminal careers debate of the 1980s and 1990s: generalization versus disaggregation as approaches to advancing science and continuous versus categorical conceptions of variation in criminal careers. The article also discusses the use of the growth curve models that are so prominent in developmental and life-span research, emphasizing the aspects of change that they do and do not capture, pointing out implications of that limitation for the need for expanding theories andmodels of change, and explaining the simple steps needed to enhance growth curve models to accomplish that purpose.
Barnett, Arnold, Alfred Blumstein, Jacqueline Cohen, and David P. Farrington. 1992. Not all criminal career models are equally valid. Criminology30:133-140.
2.
Becker, Howard S.1963. Outsiders. New York: Free Press.
3.
Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, and David P. Farrington1988a. Criminal career research: Its value for criminology. Criminology26:1-36.
4.
Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, and David P. Farrington. 1988b. Longitudinal and criminal career research: Further clarifications. Criminology26:57-74.
5.
Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, Jeffrey A. Roth, and Christy Visher, eds. 1986. Criminal careers and career criminals. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
6.
Blumstein, Alfred, David P. Farrington, and Soumyo Moitra. 1985. Delinquency careers: Innocents, desisters, and persisters. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research6:187-219.
7.
Bushway, Shawn, Alex Piquero, Lisa Broidy, Elizabeth Cauffman, and Paul Mazerolle. 2001. An empirical framework for studying desistance as a process. Criminology39:491-515.
8.
Empey, LaMar T.1982. American delinquency: Its meaning and construction. Rev. ed. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
9.
Esbensen, Finn-Aage, D. Wayne Osgood, Terrance J. Taylor, Dana Peterson, and Adrienne Freng. 2001. Howgreat is G.R.E.A.T.? Results from a longitudinal quasi-experimental design. Criminology and Public Policy1:87-115.
10.
Gold, Martin. 1967. Undetected delinquent behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency3:27-46.
11.
Gold, Martin, and Richard J. Petronio. 1980. Delinquent behavior in adolescence. In Handbook of adolescent psychology, ed. Joseph Adelson. New York: Wiley.
Gottfredson, Michael, and Travis Hirschi. 1986. The true value of Lambda would appear to be zero: An essay on career criminals, criminal careers, selective incapacitation, cohort studies, and related topics. Criminology24:213-234.
14.
Gottfredson, Michael, and Travis Hirschi. 1988. Science, public policy, and the career paradigm. Criminology26:37-56.
15.
Greenberg, David F.1991. Modeling criminal careers. Criminology29:17-46.
16.
Gottfredson, Michael, and Travis Hirschi. 1992. Comparing criminal career models. Criminology30:141-147.
17.
Hagan, John, and Alberto Palloni. 1988. Crimes as social events in the life course: Reconceiving a criminological controversy. Criminology26:87-100.
18.
Hirschi, Travis. 1973. Procedural rules and the study of deviant behavior. Social Problems21:159-173.
19.
Hirschi, Travis, and Michael Gottfredson. 1983. Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology89:552-584.
20.
Horney, Julie, D.Wayne Osgood, and Ineke Haen Marshall. 1995. Criminal careers in the short-term: Intraindividual variability in crime and its relation to local life circumstances. American Sociological Review60:655-673.
21.
Kitsuse, John. 1962. Societal reaction to deviant behavior: Problems of theory and method. Social Problems9:247-256.
22.
Land, Kenneth C.1992. Models of criminal careers: Some suggestions for moving beyond the current debate. Criminology30:149-155.
23.
Laub, John H., and Robert J. Sampson. 2003. Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
24.
LeBlanc, Marc, and Rolf Loeber. 1998. Developmental criminology updated. Crime and Justice: AReview of Research23:115-198.
25.
McArdle, J. J., and David Epstein. 1987. Latent growth curves within developmental structural equation models. Child Development58:110-133.
Nagin, Daniel S.2005. Group-based modeling of development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
28.
Nagin, Daniel S., and Kenneth C. Land. 1993. Age, criminal careers, and population heterogeneity: Specification and estimation of a nonparametric, mixed Poisson model. Criminology31:327-362.
29.
Nagin, Daniel S., and Richard E. Tremblay. 2005. What has been learned from group-based trajectory modeling? Examples from physical aggression and other problem behaviors. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science602:82-117.
30.
Osgood, D. Wayne, and David C. Rowe. 1994. Bridging criminal careers, theory, and policy through latent variable models of individual offending. Criminology32:517-554.
31.
Osgood, D. Wayne, Janet K. Wilson, Jerald G. Bachman, Patrick M. O'Malley, and Lloyd D. Johnston. 1996. Routine activities and individual deviant behavior. American Sociological Review61:635-655.
32.
Patterson, Gerald R., and Karen Yoerger. 1993. Developmental models for delinquent behavior. In Crime and mental disorder, ed. Sheilagh Hodgins. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
33.
Patterson, Gerald R., and Karen Yoerger. 1997. Adevelopmental model for late-onset delinquency. In Motivation and delinquency, vol. 44of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, ed. D. Wayne Osgood, 119-177. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
34.
Piquero, Alex R., David P. Farrington, and Alfred Blumstein. 2003. The criminal career paradigm. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research30:359-506.
35.
Raudenbush, Stephen W., and Anthony S. Bryk. 2002. Hierarchical linear models. 2nd ed.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36.
Rogosa, David, David Brandt, and Michele Zimowski. 1982. Agrowth curve approach to the measurement of change. Psychological Bulletin92:726-748.
37.
Rowe, David C., D. Wayne Osgood, and Alan W. Nicewander. 1990. A latent trait approach to unifying criminal careers. Criminology28:237-270.
38.
Sampson, Robert J., and John H. Laub. 1992. Crime and deviance in the life course. Annual Review of Sociology18:63-84.
39.
Sampson, Robert J., and John H. Laub. 1993. Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40.
Sampson, Robert J., and John H. Laub. 2005. A life-course view of the development of crime. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science602:12-45.
41.
Short, James F., Jr., and F. Ivan Nye. 1958. Extent of unrecorded juvenile delinquency: Tentative conclusions. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology49:296-302.
42.
Thornberry, Terence P.2005. Explaining multiple patterns of offending across the life course and across generations. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science602:156-195.
43.
Thornberry, Terence P., and Marvin D. Krohn. Forthcoming. Applying interactional theory to the explanation of continuity and change in antisocial behavior. In Integrated developmental and life course theories of offending: Advances in criminological theory, vol. 14, ed. D. P. Farrington. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction.
44.
Tittle, Charles R.1988. Two empirical regularities (maybe) in search of an explanation: Commentary on the age/crime debate. Criminology26:75-85.
45.
Warr, Mark. 1993. Age, peers, and delinquency. Criminology31:17-40.
