Nonparticipation in literacy/ABE programs is a critical issue that can be illuminated by reproduction and resistance theory. This study attempts to do this by first analyzing the resistance to schooling of characters in ten works of literary fiction, then applying these findings to traditional literacy/ABE programs to determine if these "second chance" programs discourage the participation of some adults. The results suggest that resistance to schooling occurs when there is a values clash, and, since our literacy/ABE programs largely reproduce the values of the dominant culture, they thereby contribute to the resistance of those outside that culture. Recommendations to increase the involvement of resistant adults are also discussed.
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