The study of the evolution of disease patterns provides evidence that during the last century doctors have effected such patterns no more pro foundly than did priests during earlier times. Epidemics came and went, imprecated by both and untouched by either. They are not modified any more decisively by rituals performed in medical clinics than by exorcisms custormary at religious shrines. Discussions of the future of health care might usefully begin with this recognition. (Illich 1975, p. 16).
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Aron, Raymond.Main Currents in Sociological Thought II: Durkheim/Paretol Weber. New York: Basic Books, 1967.
2.
Baran, Paul A. and Paul M. Sweezy.Monopoly Capital. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966, pp. 285-289.
3.
Baumgartner, Tom, Tom Bums, L.David Meeker and Bradford Wild. "Open Systems and Multi-Level Processes: Implications for Social Research ." International Journal of General Systems. ( 1976), forthcoming.
4.
Beer, Samuel H. (ed.). Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: The Communist Manifesto. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1955.
5.
Benjamin, B.Social and Economic Factors Affecting Mortality. The Hague : Mouton, 1965.
6.
Coe, Rodney M.Sociology of Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970.
7.
Dynes, Russell R., et al. Social Problems: Dissonance and Deviation in an Industrial Society . New York: Oxford University Press , 1964.
8.
El-Kammash, Magdi M. "Stockwell's Infant Mortality Index for Measuring Economic Development: A Comment." The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. 40 (January 1962), 113-119.
9.
Fischer, Ernst.Marx in His Own Words. Harmondworth: Penguin Press, 1970.
10.
Fuchs, Victor R. "Toward a Theory of Poverty." The Concept of Poverty . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Task Force on Economic Growth and Opportunity, 1965, pp. 73-75.
11.
Goldscheider, Calvin.Population, Modernization and Social Structure. Boston : Little Brown, 1971.
12.
Guerrin, Robert F. and Edgar Borgatta. "Socio-Economic and Demographic Correlations of Tuberculosis Incidence." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. 43 ( 1965), 269-290.
13.
Heady, J.A., C.F. Stevens, C. Daly, and J.N. Morris. "Social and Biological Factors in Infant Mortality: IV. The Independent Effect of Social class, Region, the Mothers Age and Her Parity ." Lancet.I (March 5, 1955) 444-503.
14.
Illich, Ivan.Medical Nemesis: The Exploration of Health. London : Calder and Boyars, 1975.
15.
Kadushin, Charles. "Social Class and the Experience of Ill Health." Sociological Inquiry.34 (1964), 67-80.
16.
Kahl, JosephA. The American ClassStructure. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966.
17.
Kolko, Gabriel.Wealth and Power in America: An Analysis of Social Class and Income Distribution . New York: Frederick A. Praeger , 1962.
18.
Mack, RaymondW. Transforming America: Patterns of Social Change. New York: Random House, 1967.
19.
McKeown, Thomas and R.G. Brown. "Medical Evidence Related to English Population Changes in the Eighteenth Century." Population Studies9 (1955), 119-141.
20.
McKeown, Thomas and C.R. Lowe.An Introduction to Social Medicine. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1966.
21.
McKeown, Thomas and R.G. Record. "Reasons for the Decline of Mortality in England and Wales during the Nineteenth Century." Population Studies.16 (1962), 94-122.
22.
Mechanic, David.Medical Sociology: A Selective View. New York: The Free Press, 1968.
23.
Merton, RobertK. Social Theory anSocdial Structure. Glencoe: The Free Press, 1957.
24.
Morris, J.N. and J.A. Heady. "Social an Biological Factors in Infant Mortality: I. Objects and Methods." Lancet. I (Feb. 12, 1955), 343-349.
25.
Morris, J.N. and J.A. Heady. "Social and Biological Factors in Infant Mortality: V. Mortality in Relation to the Father's Occupation 1911-1950." LancetI (March 12, 1955), 554-560.
26.
Nisbet, Robert A.The Sociological Tradition. New York: Basic Books, 1966.
27.
Paul, B. D. (ed.), Health, Culture an Community . New York: Russel Sage Foundation , 1955.
28.
Rogers, Brian.The Battle against Poverty, Volume 2. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968.
29.
Rydell, Lars H. "Life Chances an Social Status: Absolute and Relative Trends in Income and Mortality." Presented at the VIIIth World Congress of Sociology, Toronto, August 1974.
30.
Rydell, Lars H. and Charlene Rydell.Poverty: Waning or Waxing." Social Praxis1 (1974), 389-397.
31.
Samuelson, Paul A.Economics: Introductory Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
32.
Shah, Faria K. and Helen Abbey."Effects of Some Factors on Neonatal and Postneonatal Mortality." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. 49 (January 1971), 33-57.
33.
Shaw, Bernard.Everyboy's Political What's What? London: Constable and Company:1944.
34.
Sigerist, Henry E.Civilization and Disease. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
35.
Stigler, George (ed.) Adam Smith: Selections from the Wealth of Nations. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.
36.
Stolnitz, Gearge J. "A Century of International Mortality Trens: I and II." Population Studies9 (1955), 24-55 an 10 (1956), 17-42.
37.
Willie, Charles V. "A Research Note on the Changing Association between Infant Mortality and Socio-Economic Status." Social Forces.36 (1957-58), 221-227.
38.
Backer, J.E. an Ø. Aagonaes. Infant Mortality Problems in Norway. Washingtond, D.C.National Center for Health Statistics , Series 3, Number 8, October 1967.
39.
Central Bureau of Statistics for Finland.Statistical yearbook for Finland. Helsinki, 1973.
40.
Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway.Historical Statistics 1968. Oslo, 1969.
41.
Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway.Statistical Yearbook, Oslo, 1950-1973 .
42.
Central Bureau of Statistics for Sweden.Historical Statistics for Sweden: Part 1. Population. Stockholm: A.B. Allmänna Förlaget, 1969.
43.
Central Bureau of Statistics for Sweden.Statistical Yearbook for Sweden. Stockholm, 1972.
44.
Det Statistiske Departement. Statistisk undersøkelse nr. 19. Befolkningsutvikling og Sundhedsforhold 1901-60. København, 1966.
45.
Her Majesty's Stationary Office. The Registrar Generals Decennial Supplement England and Wales 1961: Occupational Mortality Tables. London, 1971.
46.
Hirst, Katherine, Neville R. Butler and M.J.R. Dawkins.Infant and Perinatal Mortality in England and Wales. Washington D.C.: National Center for Health Statistics , Series 3, Number 12, November 1968.
47.
Illsley, R. and J.C. Kincaid. "Social Correlations of Perinatal Mortality," in N. Butler and O. G. Bonham.The First Report of The British Perinatal Mortality Survey . Edinburgh: Livingston , 1963, pp. 270-286.
48.
Matthiessen, P.C., Dyre Trolle and B. Zachau-Christiansen .Infant and Perinatal Mortality in Denmark. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Health Statistics , Series 3, Number 9, November 1967.
49.
Morris, J.N. and J.A. Heady, March 12, 1955, Op. cit.
50.
National Health Service of Denmark.Causes of Death in the Kingdom of Denmark. Copenhagen, 1962-73.
51.
Shapiro, Sam, Edward R. Schlesinger, and Robert E. L. Nesbitt .Infant and Perinatal Mortality in The United States. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Health Statistics, Series 3, Number 4, October 1965.
52.
US Bureau of the Census.Historical Statistics . Washington, D.C., 1960.
53.
US Bureau of the Census.Statistical Abstracts of the United States. Washington, D.C. for several years.
