La relación entre la variable autoestima y el consumo de drogas constituye un tema particularmente controvertido dentro del campo de estudio de la desviación social. Aunque determinados modelos teóricos y múltiples programas de intervención hacen hincapié en la importancia que la autoestima adquiere en el desarrollo del consumo de drogas, la evidencia empírica tiende a mostrar que la relación entre ambas variables es una asociación más bien débil e inconsistente. En este estudio se intenta superar, en parte, las debilidades de este campo de conocimiento incorporando en un análisis longitudinal la medición de diferentes dimensiones de la autoestima. Los datos fueron recabados en una muestra de 1549 jóvenes (719 varones y 830 mujeres) con los que se contactó en dos ocasiones distanciadas por un lapso de tiempo de un año. Los resultados ponen de relieve la necesidad de tener en cuenta la naturaleza multidimensional de la autoestima a la hora de examinar la relación entre ambos constructos; asimismo, nuestros hallazgos sugieren que los efectos recíprocos autoestima-consumo de drogas son poco intensos, lo cual debe ser tenido en cuenta en el diseño de programas de intervención.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BarretA. C.WhiteD. A. (1991). How John Henry effects confound the measurement of self esteem in primary prevention prograrms for drug abuse in middle schools. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 36, 87–102.
2.
BentlerP. M. (1987). Drug use and personality in adolescence and young adulthood: Structural models with nonnorrnal variables. Child Developmet, 58, 65–79.
3.
BotvinG. J. (1984). Improving personal competence: Toward a comprehensive approach to smoking prevention. EnLippertP.McallisterA.L.HoffmeisterH. (Eds.), Health promotion in youth. Problems and perspectives.Bibring: Dietrich Deiner.
4.
BotvinG. J.EngA. (1980). A comprehensive school-based smoking prevention program. Journal of School Health, 50, 209–213.
5.
BotvinG. J.EngA. (1982). The efficace of a multicomponent approach to prevention of cigarette smoking. Preventive Medicine, 11, 199–211.
6.
BrauchtG.KirbyM.BerryG. (1978). Psychosocial correlates of empirical types of multiple drug abusers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1463–1475.
7.
BynnerJ. M.O'malleyP.M.BachmanJ. G. (1981). Self-esteem and delinquency revisited. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 10, 407–441.
8.
ComasD. (1990). El síndrome de Haaddock: Alcohol y drogas en Enseñanzas Medias.Madrid: Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.
9.
CoopersmithS. (1959). A method for determining types of self-esteem. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 87–94.
10.
ChiuL. H. (1988). Testing the test. Measures of self-esteem for school-age children. Journal of Counseling and Development, 66, 298–301.
11.
DelugachR.R.BrackenB. A.BrackenM. J.SchikeM. C. (1992). Self concept: Multidimensional construct exploration. Psychology in the Schools, 29, 213–223.
12.
DielmanT. E.CampanelliP. C.ShopeJ. T.ButchartA. T. (1987). Susceptibility to peer pressure, self-esteem, and health locus of control as correlates of adolescent substance abuse. Health Education Quarterly, 14, 207–221.
13.
ElzoJ. (Dir.) (1992). Drogas y Escuela IV.San Sebastián: Escuela Universitaria de Trabajo Social.
14.
FittsW. H.ArneyJ.PattonW. O. (1973). A self-concept study of alcoholic patients.Nashville, Tenn.: Dede Wallace Center.
15.
FranklinM. R. (1981). Construct validation of the Piers Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41, 439–443.
16.
García TorresB. (1983). Análisis y delimitación del constructo autoestima. Tesis doctoral. Madrid: Editorial de la Universidad Complutense.
17.
GullottaT.AdamsG. R. (1982). Substance abuse minimization: Conceptualizing prevention in adolescent and youth programs. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 11, 409–424.
18.
HayesD. M.ForsS. W. (1990). Self-esteem and health instruction: Challenges for curriculum development. Journal of School Health, 60, 208–211.
19.
HaysB. D.StacyA. W.WidamanK. F.Di MatteoM. R.DowneyR. (1986). Multistage path models of adolescent alcohol and drug use: A reanalysis. Journal of Drug Issues, 16, 357–369.
20.
JöreskogK. G.SörbomD. (1986). LISREL VI: Analysis offinear structural relationships by maximun likelihood, instrumental variables, and least squares methods.Uppsala, Suecia: University of Uppsala.
21.
KandelD. B. (1975). Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use. Science, 190, 912–924.
22.
KaplanH. B. (1980). Self-esteem and self-derogation theory of drug abuse. EnLettieriD. J.SayersM.PearsonH. W. (Eds.), Theories of Drug Abuse; Selected Contemporary Perspectives.Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
23.
KaplanH. B.MartinS. S.RobbinsC. (1982). Application of a general theory of deviant behavior: Self-derogation and adolescent drug use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23, 274–294.
24.
KaplanH. B.MartinS. S.RobbinsC. (1984). Pathways to adolescent drug use: Self-derogation, peer influence, weakening of social controls, and early susbstance use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 25, 270–289.
25.
KaplanH. B.MartinS. S.RobbinsC. (1985). Toward an explanation of increased involvement in illicit drug use. Application of a general theory of deviant behavior. Research in Community and Mental Health, 5, 205–252.
26.
KovachJ. A.GlickmanN. W. (1986). Levels of psychosocial correlates of adolescent drug use. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 15, 61–77.
27.
LuengoM. A.Otero-LópezJ. M.MirónL.RomeroE. (En prensa). Análisis psicosocial del consumo de drogas en los adolescentes gallegos. Xunta de Galicia.
28.
ManganielloJ. (1978). Opiate addiction: A study of identifying three systematically related psychological correlates. International Journal of the Addictions, 13, 839–847.
29.
MccarthyJ. D.HogeD. R. (1982). Analysis of age effects in longitudinal studies of adolescent self-esteem. Developmental Psychology, 18, 372–379.
30.
MccarthyJ. D.HogeD. R. (1984). The dynamics of self-esteem and delinquency. American Journal of Sociology, 90, 396–410.
31.
McdanielS.BielenP. (1990). Project Self-Esteem: A parent involvement program for improving self-esteem and preventing drug and alcohol abuse.Rolling Hilis Estates, CA: Jalmar Press.
32.
NewcombM. D.BentlerP. M.Y CollinsC. (1986). Alcohol use and dissatisfaction with self and life: A longitudinal analysis of young adults. Journal of Drug Issues, 16, 479–494.
33.
Otero-LópezJ. M. (1992). Droga y delincuencia: Naturaleza y alcance de la relación en los adolescentes. Tesis doctoral no publicada. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela.
34.
Otero-LópezJ. M.LuengoM. A.MirónL.CarrilloM. T.RomeroE. (1994). An empirical study of the relations between drug abuse and delinquency among adolescents. Brifish Journal of Criminology, 34, 459–478.
35.
RecioJ. L. (Dir.) (1991). El papel de la familia, los compañeros y la escuela en el abuso adolescente de drogas.Madrid: Cruz Roja Española.
36.
RiedL. D.MartinsonO. B.WeaverL. C. (1987). Factors associated with the drug use of fifth through eighth grade students. Journal of Drug Education, 17, 149–161.
37.
RomeroE.LuengoM. A.CarrilloM. T.Otero-LópezJ. M. (1994). Un análisis transversal y longitudinal de la relación entre autoestima y conducta antisocial en los adolescentes. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 20, 645–668.
38.
SchroederD. S.LaflinM. T.WeisD. L. (1993). Is there a relationship between self-esteem and drug use? Methodological and statistical limitations of the research. Journal of Drug Issues, 22, 645–665.
39.
SpatzK. C.JohnstonJ.O. (1973). Internal consistence of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 33, 875–876.
40.
SteffenhagenL. A.SteffenhagenR. A. (1985). Self-esteem and primary demographic characteristics of alcoholics in a rural state. Journal of Drug Education, 1, 347–357.
41.
SullivanA. P.GuglielmoR. (1985). Self concept and drug use: Thirteen propositions. Journal of Drug Education, 15, 273–275.
42.
StaytonS.Y DienerR. (1979). Personality characteritics of juvenile delinquent heroin users. International Journal of the Addictions, 14, 585–587.
43.
TaylorD. N.Del PilarJ. (1992). Self-esteem, anxiety, and drug use. Psychological Reports, 71, 896–898.
44.
WoodF.JohnsonA. (1972). Coopersmith SEI scores of boys with severe behavior problems. Exceptional Children, 38, 739–740
45.
WrightL. S.MooreR. (1982). Correlates of reported drug abuse problems among college undergraduates. Journal of Drug Education, 12, 65–73.
