En los últimos años ha crecido de manera exponencial el interés en estudiar las estructuras cerebrales implicadas en la cognición social, su conectividad anatómica y funcional. En su estudio nos encontraremos con una primera dificultad: la mayor parte de los procesos vinculados a la cognición social son procesos de alto nivel (por ejemplo, relacionados con el auto-concepto) que suelen reflejar las propiedades emergentes de procesos de nivel más básico (como relacionados con la memoria). El segundo gran problema tiene que ver con las limitaciones teóricas e instrumentales (e.g. técnicas de neuroimagen) que han conducido a un cierto paradigma de “cognición social aislada” vinculada con experimentos no realizados en situaciones de interacción real. Partiendo de ambos problemas, en este artículo pretendemos revisar de manera crítica los resultados más importantes que se han encontrado sobre las bases biológicas de la cognición social relacionada con los otros y con el yo.
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