En este trabajo revisamos las principales líneas de evidencia que indican que las personas codifican con frecuencia información que no accede a la conciencia. A partir de las disociaciones entre cognición y conciencia se han desarrollado algunas ideas sobre la organización de la mente. Uno de los planteamientos—modelo desconexionista—, sostiene que la conciencia depende de un procesador central, y que las disociaciones selectivas observadas en ciertos síndromes neuropsicológicos se deberían a que las patologías deterioran la transmisión desde los correspondientes módulos especializados de procesamiento automatico de información al procesador central. Aun cuando es capaz de dar cuenta de muchas observaciones patológicas, este planteamiento no permite explicar las disociaciones inversas: aquéllas en las que existe conciencia de información que no genera las reacciones oportunas. Esto, junto con el aparente funcionamiento de ‘dos sistemas visuales’, llevó a algunos autores a defender la existencia de módulos de conocimiento consciente e inconsciente diferentes en los diversos dominios cognitivos. Por nuestra parte, a la vista de que esta concepción multimodular de la conciencia no permite explicar algunas de sus peculiaridades operativas, como su carácter constructivo, unitario y limitado, proponemos un modelo mixto, en el que se integran algunas ventajas de los dos anteriores. A nivel consciente manejamos con frecuencia información distinta de la codificada automáticamente, pero esta información procedente de diferentes módulos, se integra en un sistema constructivo central, que otorga a la conciencia un papel controlador prioritario, así como las peculiaridades anteriormente señaladas, dentro de la cognición humana. Finalmente, analizamos la evidencia neurológica consistente con este planteamiento, así como su notable capacidad explicativa de las diversas disociaciones entre cognición y conciencia, en pacientes y en personas sanas.
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