El principal objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el efecto del entrenamiento de las habilidades fonológicas en la adquisición de la lectoescritura y verificar si es un efecto duradero. Se utilizó un diseño experimental con cinco grupos (N=12 por grupo), incluido el control, que recibieron distintos tipos de entrenamiento, al comienzo del primer año de escolaridad primaria. Se manipuló el tipo de tarea y la forma de llevarla a cabo. Al acabar el entrenamiento se obtuvieron efectos significativos en las medidas de lectura (principalmente en el reconocimiento de palabras) y de escritura, en el grupo entrenado en habilidades fonológicas usando materiales manipulativos. Estos efectos permanecían al final de primer curso; sin embargo, no se mantuvieron al final de 2°. Estos resultados se interpretan como muestra del papel acelerador que juega la mejora de las habilidades fonológicas en las fases iniciales del aprendizaje del lenguaje escrito. Ahora bien, dado que el efecto no se mantiene por largo tiempo, se discute la posible presencia de un efecto “hothouse' en los niños con desarrollo normal de la lectura.
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