El objetivo principal de este estudio de intervención era comprobar si con un programa de instrucción directa en conciencia fonémica con apoyo visual de letras, los niños con retraso lector mejoraban en sus procesos fonológicos y, como consecuencia, en la habilidad de descodificación. A su vez, tratamos de determinar si el efecto de la edad influía sobre la eficacia del tratamiento, habida cuenta de la evidencia empírica a favor de una explicación del retraso lector basada en la existencia de un déficit fonológico en niños de tercer curso. Se seleccionó una muestra de 34 sujetos con retraso lector distribuidos en los siguientes grupos: 1) un grupo experimental de 12 sujetos (M=8 años, 8 meses) que siguió un programa denominado entrenamiento en conciencia fonémica con apoyo visual de letras; 2) un segundo grupo experimental de 12 sujetos más jóvenes (M=7 años, 1 mes) que siguió el mismo tipo de programa que el grupo anterior y, por último, un tercer grupo de 10 sujetos denominado control (M=8 años, 7 meses) que no siguió ningún entrenamiento en habilidades lectoras. Los resultados indican que todos los grupos que reciben instrucción directa en este tipo de habilidades mejoran en comparación con el grupo control. Además, los resultados demuestran que los niños más jóvenes obtienen mayores ganancias que los niños mayores con el mismo programa de entrenamiento. Esto sugiere que la edad constituye un factor importante a tener en cuenta en el campo de la reeducación ya que el déficit fonológico se consolida con la edad comprometiendo el desarrollo de las habilidades lectoras y haciéndose más resistente a su recuperación.
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