The current investigations examine how globalization signifying either identity threat or realistic threat has a differential role in mediating the effect of competitive victim-hood on Muslims’ religious fundamentalism. Study 1 (N = 119) revealed that identity globalization threat and not realistic globalization threat significantly mediated the effect of competitive victimhood on Muslims’ religious fundamentalism. Study 2 (N = 155) successfully replicated the finding in Study 1. Moreover, Study 2 also revealed that such mediating role of identity globalization threat was stronger among participants perceiving Muslims as having high than low group entitativity, which refers to the extent to which Muslims as a group are considered to be a one, homogenous collective rather than an aggregation of individuals. Theoretical implications for understanding situational or social factors of Muslims’ religious fundamentalism are discussed, as are strategies to reduce competitive victimhood among members of this religious group.
AdesojiA. (2010). The Boko Haram uprising and Islamic revivalism in Nigeria. Africa Spectrum, 95–108.
2.
AdesojiA. O. (2011). Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram: Islamic fundamentalism and the response of the Nigerian State. Africa Today, 57(4), 98–119.
3.
AltemeyerB., & HunsbergerB. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113–133.
4.
AltemeyerB., & HunsbergerB. (2004). A revised religious fundamentalism scale: The short and sweet of it. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14(1), 47–54.
5.
AndrighettoL.MariS.VolpatoC., & BehluliB. (2012). Reducing competitive victim-hood in Kosovo: The role of extended contact and common ingroup identity. Political Psychology, 33(4), 513–529.
6.
AntounR. T. (2008). Understanding fundamentalism: Christian, Islamic, and Jewish movements.Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
Ben-DorG., & PedahzurA. (2003). The uniqueness of Islamic fundamentalism and the fourth wave of international terrorism. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, 4(3), 71–90.
9.
BlogowskaJ., & SaroglouV. (2011). Religious fundamentalism and limited prosociality as a function of the target. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50(1), 44–60.
10.
BrinkJ., & MencherJ. (Eds.). (2014). Mixed blessings: Gender and religious fundamentalism cross culturally.Third Avenue, New York: Routledge.
11.
BrüßJ. (2008). Experiences of discrimination reported by Turkish, Moroccan and Bangladeshi Muslims in three European cities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(6), 875–894.
BurhaniA. N. (2014). Hating the Ahmadiyya: The place of heretics in contemporary Indonesian Muslim society. Contemporary Islam, 8(2), 133–152.
14.
CampbellD. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of person as social entities. Behavioral Science, 3, 14–25.
15.
CastanoE.SacchiS., & GriesP. H. (2003). The perception of the other in international relations: Evidence for the polarizing effect of entitativity. Political Psychology, 24(3), 449–468.
16.
CehajicS.BrownR., & CastanoE. (2008). Forgive and forget? Antecedents and consequences of intergroup forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Political Psychology, 29(3), 351–367.
17.
CesariJ. (2011). Islamophobia in the West: A comparison between Europe and the United Sates. In EspositoJ. L., & KalinI. (Eds.), Islamophobia: The challenge of pluralism in the 21st century (pp. 21–45). New York: Oxford University Press.
18.
DeegalleM. (2004). Politics of the Jathika Hela Urumaya monks: Buddhism and ethnicity in contemporary Sri Lanka. Contemporary Buddhism, 5(2), 83–103.
19.
DovidioJ. F.GaertnerS. L., & SaguyT. (2009). Commonality and the complexity of we: Social attitudes and social change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(1), 3–20.
20.
DunnK. M.KlockerN., & SalabayT. (2007). Contemporary racism and Islamaphobia in Australia racializing religion. Ethnicities, 7(4), 564–589.
21.
EllemersN.SpearsR., & DoosjeB. (2002). Self and social identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 161–186.
22.
EUMC. (2005). Majorities’ attitudes towards minorities: Key findings from the Eurobarometer and the European Social Survey.Vienna, Austria: European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.
23.
EUMC. (2006). Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination and Islamophobia.Vienna, Austria: European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia.
24.
FairC. C., & ShepherdB. (2006). Who supports terrorism? Evidence from fourteen Muslim countries. Coastal Management, 29(1), 51–74.
25.
GonzálezK. V.VerkuytenM.WeesieJ., & PoppeE. (2008). Prejudice towards Muslims in The Netherlands: Testing integrated threat theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 667–685.
26.
HayesA. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach.New York: Guilford Press.
27.
HayesA. F., & MatthesJ. (2009). Computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations. Behavior Research Methods, 41(3), 924–936.
28.
HeilmanS. C. (2005). Jews and fundamentalism. Jewish Political Studies Review, 183–189.
29.
HerriotP. (2007). Religious fundamentalism and social identity.New York: Routledge.
30.
HiroD. (2013). Holy wars: The rise of Islamic fundamentalism.Third Avenue, New York: Routledge.
31.
HoggM. A. (2000). Subjective uncertainty reduction through self-categorization: A motivational theory of social identity processes. European Review of Social Psychology, 11, 223–255.
32.
HoggM. A. (2007). Uncertainty-identity theory. In ZannaM. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 39, pp. 69–126). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
33.
HoggM. A. (2012). Uncertainty-identity theory. In Van LangeP. A. M.KruglanskiA. W., & HigginsE. T. (Eds.), Handbook of theories of social psychology (pp. 62–80). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
34.
HoggM. A., & AdelmanJ. (2013). Uncertainty-identity theory: Extreme groups, radical behavior, and authoritarian leadership. Journal of Social Issues, 69(3), 436–454.
35.
HoggM. A.AdelmanJ. R., & BlaggR. D. (2010). Religion in the face of uncertainty: An uncertainty-identity theory account of religiousness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 72–83.
36.
HoggM. A.MeehanC., & FarquharsonJ. (2010). The solace of radicalism: Self-uncertainty and group identification in the face of threat. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 1061–1066.
37.
HoggM. A.ShermanD. K.DierselhuisJ.MaitnerA. T., & MoffittG. (2007). Uncertainty, entitativity, and group identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(1), 135–142.
38.
HoodR. W.Jr.HillP. C., & WilliamsonW. P. (2005). The psychology of religious fundamentalism.New York: Guilford Press.
39.
HunsbergerB. (1995). Religion and prejudice: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest, and right-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 51(2), 113–129.
40.
HunsbergerB. (1996). Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and hostility toward homosexuals in non-Christian religious groups. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 6(1), 39–49.
JacksonL. M., & EssesV. M. (1997). Of scripture and ascription: The relation between religious fundamentalism and intergroup helping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(8), 893–906.
43.
JikeliG. (2012). Discrimination of European Muslims: Self-perceptions, experiences and discourses of victimhood. In SoenD.ShechoryM., & DavidS. B. (Eds.), Minority groups: Coercion, discrimination, exclusion, deviance and the quest for equality (pp. 77–96). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Pub, Inc.
44.
JohnsonM. K.LabouffJ. P.RowattW. C.Patock-PeckhamJ. A., & CarlisleR. D. (2012). Facets of right-wing authoritarianism mediate the relationship between religious fundamentalism and attitudes toward Arabs and African Americans. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 51(1), 128–142.
45.
KarasawaM.KarasawaK., & HiroseY. (2004). Homogeneity perception as a reaction to identity threat: Effects of status difference in a simulated society game. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(5), 613–625.
46.
KennyD. A. (2014). Learn how you can do a mediation analysis and output a text description of your results: Go to mediational analysis using DataToText using SPSS or R. Retrieved September 26, 2014 from http://davidakenny.net/cm/mediate.htm
47.
KunstJ. R.SamD. L., & UllebergP. (2013). Perceived Islamophobia: Scale development and validation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(2), 225–237.
48.
KunstJ. R.ThomsenL., & SamD. L. (2014). Late Abrahamic reunion? Religious fundamentalism negatively predicts dual Abrahamic group categorization among Muslims and Christians. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44(3), 337–348.
49.
LaytheB.FinkelD. G.BringleR. G., & KirkpatrickL. A. (2002). Religious fundamentalism as a predictor of prejudice: A two-component model. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(4), 623–635.
50.
LaytheB.FinkelD., & KirkpatrickL. A. (2001). Predicting prejudice from religious fundamentalism and right-wing authoritarianism: A multiple-regression approach. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(1), 1–10.
51.
MartyM. E., & ApplebyS. R. (Eds.). (1991). Fundamentalism observed.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
52.
MashuriA.HasanahN., & RahmawatiI. (2012). The effect of outgroup status and perspective-taking on empathy and outgroup helping. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 2(2), 3–14.
53.
MashuriA.ZaduqistiE.SakdiahH., & SukmawatiF. (2014). The role of identity subversion in structuring the effects of intergroup threats and group dejection on belief in conspiracy theories in Indonesia. Manuscript submitted for publication.
54.
MashuriA.ZaduqistiE., & SupriyonoY. (2013). Perspective-taking and outgroup helping: The moderating role of warmth impression and outgroup status. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 1(3), 7–20.
MoghaddamF. M. (2006). From the terrorists’ point of view: What they experience and why they come to destroy.Westport, CT: Praeger.
57.
MoghaddamF. M. (2008). How globalization spurs terrorism.Westport, CT: Praeger.
58.
MoghaddamF. M. (2009). Commentary: Omniculturalism: Policy solutions to fundamentalism in the era of fractured globalization. Culture & Psychology, 15(3), 337–347.
59.
MoghaddamF. M. (2012). The omnicultural imperative. Culture & Psychology, 18(3), 304–330.
60.
MonroeK. R., & KreidieL. H. (1997). The perspective of Islamic fundamentalists and the limits of rational choice theory. Political Psychology, 18(1), 19–43.
61.
MulukH.SumaktoyoN. G., & RuthD. M. (2013). Jihad as justification: National survey evidence of belief in violent jihad as a mediating factor for sacred violence among Muslims in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16(2), 101–111.
62.
NoorM.BrownR.GonzalezR.ManziJ., & LewisC. A. (2008). On positive psychological outcomes: What helps groups with a history of conflict to forgive and reconcile with each other?Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(6), 819–832.
63.
NoorM.BrownR., & PrenticeG. (2008). Precursors and mediators of intergroup reconciliation in Northern Ireland: A new model. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(3), 481–495.
64.
NoorM.ShnabelN.HalabiS., & NadlerA. (2012). When suffering begets suffering the psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(4), 351–374.
65.
PearceS. (2004). Religious rage: A quantitative analysis of the intensity of religious conflicts. Paper prepared for the 2004 International Studies Association Conference.
66.
PettigrewT. F., & TroppL. R. (2008). How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta-analytic tests of three mediators. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(6), 922–934.
67.
Pew Global Attitudes Project. (2006). The great divide: How Westerners and Muslims view each other.Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
68.
Pew Global Attitudes Project. (2007). Global opinion trends 2002–2007: A rising tide lifts moods in the developing world.Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
69.
PrattD. (2010). Religion and terrorism: Christian fundamentalism and extremism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(3), 438–456.
70.
PyszczynskiT.SolomonS., & GreenbergJ. (2003). Black Tuesday: The psychological impact of 9/11. In PyszczynskiT.SolomonS. (Eds.), In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror (pp. 93–113). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
71.
RiekB. M.ManiaE. W., & GaertnerS. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 336–353.
72.
RobisonK. K.CrenshawE. M., & JenkinsJ. C. (2006). Ideologies of violence: The social origins of Islamist and leftist transnational terrorism. Social Forces, 84(4), 2009–2026.
73.
RowattW. C., & FranklinL. M. (2004). Christian orthodoxy, religious fundamentalism, and right-wing authoritarianism as predictors of implicit racial prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14(2), 125–138.
74.
RowattW. C.FranklinL. M., & CottonM. (2005). Patterns and personality correlates of implicit and explicit attitudes toward Christians and Muslims. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44(1), 29–43.
75.
SalzmanM. B. (2008). Globalization, religious fundamentalism and the need for meaning. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(4), 318–327.
76.
SaroglouV. (2002). Religiousness, religious fundamentalism, and quest as predictors of humor creation. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 12(3), 177–188.
77.
SenR., & WagnerW. (2009). Cultural mechanics of fundamentalism: Religion as ideology, divided identities and violence in post-Gandhi India. Culture & Psychology, 15(3), 299–326.
78.
ShnabelN.HalabiS., & NoorM. (2013). Overcoming competitive victimhood and facilitating forgiveness through re-categorization into a common victim or perpetrator identity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(5), 867–877.
79.
StephanW. G., & StephanC. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In OskampS. (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23–46). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
80.
StrabacZ., & ListhaugO. (2008). Anti-Muslim prejudice in Europe: A multilevel analysis of survey data from 30 countries. Social Science Research, 37(1), 268–286.
81.
SteeleR. R.ParkerM. T., & LickelB. (2014). Bias within because of threat from outside: The effects of an external call for terrorism on anti-Muslim attitudes in the United States. Social Psychological and Personality Science. First online publication on September 04, 2014.
82.
SullivanD.LandauM. J.BranscombeN. R., & RothschildZ. K. (2012). Competitive victimhood as a response to accusations of ingroup harm doing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4), 778–795.
83.
TajfelH., & TurnerJ. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In WorchelS., & AustinW. G. (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
84.
TanA. T. (2008). Terrorism, insurgency and religious fundamentalism in Southeast Asia. Defence Studies, 8(3), 311–325.
85.
TurnerJ. C., & ReynoldsK. J. (2001). The social identity perspective in intergroup relations: Theories, themes, and controversies. Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology: Intergroup Processes, 4, 133–152.
86.
van ZomerenM.PostmesT., & SpearsR. (2008). Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 134(4), 504–535.
87.
VollhardtJ. R. (2013). Crime against humanity or crime against Jews? Acknowledgment in construals of the Holocaust and its importance for intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 69(1), 144–161.
88.
VollhardtJ. R., & BilaliR. (2014). The role of inclusive and exclusive victim consciousness in predicting intergroup attitudes: Findings from Rwanda, Burundi, and DRC. Political Psychology. Article first published online on February 12, 2014.
89.
WhitleyB. E.Jr. (2009). Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19(1), 21–38.
90.
WikeR., & GrimB. J. (2010). Western views toward Muslims: Evidence from a 2006 cross-national survey. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, edq002.
91.
WilliamsonW. P.HoodR. W.Jr.AhmadA.SadiqM., & HillP. C. (2010). The intratextual fundamentalism scale: Cross-cultural application, validity evidence, and relationship with religious orientation and the big 5 factor markers 1. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 13(7-8), 721–747.
92.
YsseldykR.MathesonK., & AnismanH. (2010). Religiosity as identity: Toward an understanding of religion from a social identity perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(1), 60–71.
