This essay considers the contemporary militarization of U.S. civilian psychology in the context of World War II and Cold War efforts to target the psychic and emotional life of civilians as a battlefield component of `total war.' Selectively tracing the entangled histories of academic social science, the mass media, military technologies, and U.S. government agencies, I suggest that the post-World War II emergence of the U.S. national security state is founded in part on the calculated promotion of civilian insecurity and terror. The militarization of civilian psychology — that is, the psychological re-organization of civil society for the production of violence — becomes historically visible as an administrative imperative of U.S. government. This visibility, I argue, is important in interrogating and intervening in the complex politics and cultures of terrorism today.
Ahlgren, Carol AND Frank Edgerton Martin1989 “From Dante to Doomsday: How a City Without People Survived a Nuclear Blast.” Design Book Review17 (Winter): 26-28.
2.
Angell, James R.1941 “Radio and National Morale.” The American Journal of Sociology47(3) (November): 352-359.
3.
Associated Universities, Inc.1952Report of the Project East River. New York: Associated Universities, Inc.
4.
Aufderheide, Pat2002 “Therapeutic Patriotism and Beyond.” Television Archive website at http://tvnews3.televisionarchive.org/tvarchive/html/article_pal.html (June).
5.
Boyle, Hal1951 “Washington Under the Bomb.” Collier's27 (October).
6.
Bush, Vannevar1945Science: The Endless Frontier. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
7.
Cantril, Hadley1940The Invasion from Mars: A Study in the Psychology of Panic . Princeton: Princeton University Press.
8.
Cottrell, Leonard S., JR. AND Sylvia EberhartAmerican Opinion on World Affairs in the Atomic Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
9.
Douvan, Elizabeth AND Stephen B. Withy1953 “Some Attitudinal Consequences of Atomic Energy.” Pp. 108-117 in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science290 (November).
10.
Federal Civil Defense Association1952Annual Report for 1951. Washington. D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
11.
1953Annual Report for 1952. Washington. D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office.
12.
1954Annual Report for1953. Washington. D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
13.
1955Annual Report for 1954. Washington. D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office.
14.
1956Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1955. Washington. D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
15.
Foucault, Michel1984 “ Nietzsche, Genealogy, History.” Pp. 76-100 in The Foucault Reader , edited by Paul Rabinow.New York: Pantheon .
16.
1994 “Two Lectures.” Pp. 200-221 in Culture/Power/History: A Reader in Contemporary Theory, edited by Nicholas B. Dirks, Geoff Eley, and Sherry B. Ortner.Princeton : Princeton University Press.
17.
Galeano, Eduardo1988Century of the Wind. New York : Pantheon Books.
18.
Geyer, Michael1989 “The Militarization of Europe, 1914-1945.” Pp. 65-102 in The Militarization of the Western World, edited by John R. Gillis.New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
19.
Goodeve, Thyrza1992 “Watching For What Happens Next.” Pp. 52-54 in War After War, edited by Nancy J. Peters.San Francisco: City Lights Books.
20.
Gray, Chris Hables1997Postmodern War: The New Politics of Conflict. New York: The Guilford Press.
21.
Grossman, Karl2001Weapons In Space. New York: Seven Stories Press.
22.
Herman, Ellen1995The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts. Berkeley: University of California Press.
23.
Hyman, Herbert1991Taking Society's Measure: A Personal History of Survey Research. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
24.
Kipnis, Laura1999 “The Stepdaughter's Story: Scandals National and Transnational.” Social Text58(17) (Spring): 59-73.
25.
Koch, Howard1967The Panic Broadcast. New York : Avon Books.
26.
Mcenaney, Laura2000Civil Defense Begins at Home: Militarization Meets Everyday Life in the Fifties. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
27.
Nolan, James1998The Therapeutic State: Justifying Government at Century'sEnd . New York: New York University Press.
28.
Oakes, Guy1994The Imaginary War: Civil Defense and American Cold War Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
29.
Office Of Civil Defense, SACRAMENTO, CA1951Instructor's Manual and Teaching Outline: Panic Control and Prevention. Sacramento: California State Printing Office.
30.
Orr, Jackie forthcoming Panic Diaries: Performing Terror in the Age of Technoscience . Durham: Duke University Press .
31.
Park, Robert E.1941 “Morale and the News.” The American Journal of Sociology47(3) (November): 360-377.
32.
Pfohl, Stephen1992Death at the Parasite Cafe: Social Science (Fictions) & the Postmodern . New York: St. Martin's Press.
33.
Robin, Corey2002 “Primal Fear.” Theory & Event5(4). E-journal at http://muse/jhu.edu/demo/theory_events/5.4
34.
Ronnell, Avital1992 “Support Our Tropes.” Pp. 47-54 in War After War, edited by Nancy J. Peters.San Francisco: City Lights Books.
35.
Rose, Nikolas1989Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self . New York: Routledge.
36.
1996Inventing Our Selves: Psychology, Power, and Personhood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37.
Sherwood, Robert1951 “The Third World War.” Collier's27 (October).
38.
Shils, Edward A.1941 “A Note on Governmental Research on Attitudes and Morale.” The American Journal of Sociology47(3) (November): 472-480.
39.
Sullivan, Harry Stack1941 “Psychiatric Aspects of Morale.” The American Journal of Sociology47(3) (November): 277-301.
40.
Troyer, Lon2002 “The Calling of Counterterrorism.” Theory & Event5(4). E-journal at http://muse/jhu.edu/demo/theory_events/5.4
41.
Turner, Fred1996Echoes of Combat: Trauma, Memory, and the Vietnam War. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
42.
Virilio, Paul1999The Politics of the Very Worst. New York: Semiotext(e).
43.
Wanger, Walter1941 “The Role of Movies in Morale.” The American Journal of Sociology47(3) (November): 378-383.
44.
Weart, Spencer R.1988Nuclear Fear: A History of Images. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
45.
Williams, Patricia2001 “This Dangerous Patriot's Game.” The Observer (December 2).
