Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Owing to the increasing interest in the integration of the medical technology and the information and communications technology, research on wireless body area networks (WBANs), which apply a sensor network to the human body, is being actively conducted. Existing sensor network technology has the potential to be used in a WBAN; however, it has some limitations. In particular, a WBAN has a very different network environment compared to a sensor network that uses free space, because wireless sensors in a BAN transmit through parts of the human body. Therefore, research on WBANs involves a variety of research areas that differ slightly from those of conventional sensor networks and take into account the characteristics of the human body. This study investigates the environmental characteristics of a WBAN that differ from conventional sensor networks and examines the areas that have been studied in academia to realize more efficient WBANs. From studies published since 2001, when the concept of the WBAN was introduced, research trends in WBANs were investigated using the systematic literature review (SLR) technique. The investigation in this study includes the classification of research and research fields in line with research content. Further, survey results are presented and the outlook for further study is summarized.

1. Introduction

A wireless body area network (WBAN) is a collection of wireless sensor nodes that are located either inside or outside the human body to monitor the surrounding environment and functions of the body. The sensor nodes are small, lightweight, and consume low power [1]. The network of these small, intelligent devices allows users and medical staff to continuously monitor the health of patients and obtain real-time feedback [2]. The WBAN may also be defined as a wireless network technology that can be connected to sensors and actuators in the body, on the body, and off the body, based on radio frequency [3]. Ever since the concept of a WBAN was introduced by Van Dam et al. [4], considerable research has been actively carried out, owing to the increasing interest in the integration of the medical technology and the information and communications technology.

Many protocols and algorithms for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been developed; however, because of the unique environment of the human body, such techniques cannot be used effectively in a WBAN [5]. A wireless network environment for the body has several specific properties [1]. First, the bandwidth is limited because of the characteristics of the body, and this bandwidth is variable because it is prone to more interference, fading, and noise, compared to that in free space. Accordingly, there is a limit to communications that the protocol is used. Second, node devices forming the network are heterogeneous devices and are energy-dependent. Third, each node should consume minimal transmission power, because there should be no harm to the human body. Finally, the devices that are attached to the body have some movement. Considering the characteristics of the network environment described above, techniques different from that used for existing WSNs are required in the case of WBANs. Table 1 provides a comparison of the characteristics of a WBAN and that of a conventional WSN [2].

Table 1

Comparison between WSNs and WBANs.

Categories	Key issues	WBAN	WSN
Core	Important objects	Minimal energy consumption	Maximal throughput, minimal routing overhead
Core	Scale	Tens of centimeters	Tens of meters
Network	Topology	Variable	Fixed or static
Network	Data rates	Heterogeneous	Homogeneous
Power	Supply	Inaccessible and difficult to replace	Accessible and replaced more easily and frequently
	Demand	Low (comparatively)	High
	Energy scavenging	Motion and body heat	Solar and wind power
Security	Security level	High	Low
Security	Data loss	More significant (quality of service (QoS) and real-time data delivery required)	Not considered
Sensor	Loss of a sensor	Considered (should be very low)	Not considered
	Sensor type	Heterogeneous	Homogeneous
	Sensor status	Dynamic	Static
	Number of sensors	Fewer, limited in space	Many redundant nodes
	Sensor size	Small (essential)	Small (preferred)
	Sensor tasks	Multiple tasks	Dedicated task
	Sensor lifetime	Several years/months Smaller battery capacity	Several years/months
	Sensor replacement	Difficult (e.g., implanted nodes)	Easy
Wireless technology	Technology	ZigBee, UWB, routing, and MAC protocol	Bluetooth, ZigBee, routing, MAC protocol

This survey investigates the research trends in WBANs, which have a characteristic environment that is markedly different from that of existing WSNs. Reviewing the studies published since 2011, WBAN studies are classified, and the characteristics of the studies and the research trends are extracted using the systematic literature review (SLR) technique. Based on the results of the survey, a variety of analyses was performed, providing an outlook for further study.

Related works are investigated in Section 2. Section 3 presents the processes of the SLR technique. Section 4 analyzes the survey results and summarizes the research trends. Finally, Section 5 presents challenges for future research.

2. Related Works

2.1. Main Technologies of WBANs

Because WBAN characteristics are vastly different from that of existing WSNs, several techniques that have been used for WBANs have been studied. Different WBAN techniques employed for various network layers and features are listed in Table 2. A few types in the classification of WBAN technology can be found in surveys or analysis papers that introduce the WBAN.

Table 2

Main technologies for WBANs.

Technology	Antonescu and Basagni [40] (2013)	Ullah et al. [1] (2012)	Latré et al. [2] (2011)	Chen et al. [5] (2011)	Cao et al. [3] (2009)	Hanson et al. [54] (2009)
Physical layer technology (hardware and devices)	(i) Body sensors (ii) Signal processing (iii) Data transmissions (iv) Power source and conservation (v) Antenna design	(i) Electromagnetic coupling (ii) Antenna design/testing (iii) Matching networks (iv) Base station antennas (v) Implant materials (vi) Signal propagation	(i) Types of devices (ii) Data rates (iii) Movement of the body	(i) Communications architecture (ii) Platform (iii) Antenna design (iv) Advanced sensor devices (v) Sensor/actuator materials (vi) Electronic circuits (vii) Improved propagation (viii) Power supply (ix) Synchronization	(i) Sensor devices (ii) Sensor/actuator materials (iii) Electronic circuits (iv) Improved propagation (v) Power supply	(i) Sensors (ii) Signal processing (iii) Storage
Energy efficiency			(i) Energy efficiency			(i) Energy harvesting
Channel technology	(i) Channel modeling			(i) Channel modeling (ii) Multichannel design	(i) Channel model	(i) Communications
Radio technology	(i) Radio technologies (ii) Non-RF transmissions	(i) In-body RF communications	(i) RF communications (ii) Non-RF communications (iii) IEEE 802.15.4 (iv) IEEE 802.15.6	(i) Bluetooth low-energy technology (ii) ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 (iii) UWB and IEEE 802.15.6 (iv) Other technologies (v) Integrating emerging wireless technologies (vi) Multiradio design	(i) Radio propagation (ii) Bluetooth low-energy technology (iii) UWB (iv) Bluetooth 3.0 (v) ZigBee	(i) Coordination
MAC layer technology	(i) MAC protocols	(i) (Energy-/power-efficient) MAC protocols (ii) MAC security	(i) WBAN-specific protocols	(i) Energy-efficient MAC protocols (ii) QoS provisioning at the MAC layer
Network layer technology (networking)	(i) Routing protocols	(i) Network topologies (ii) Energy efficiency (iii) Reliability (iv) Routing strategies	(i) Temperature routing (ii) Cluster-based routing		(i) Networking (ii) Resource management schemes	(i) Hierarchical aggregation (ii) Topology
Cross-layer technology	(i) Cross-layer approaches	(i) Cross-layer protocols	(i) Cross-layer protocols
Localization and mobility	(i) Location awareness		(i) Positioning
Security and privacy	(i) Data security(ii) Privacy		(i) Security and privacy	(i) Security(ii) Authentication(iii) Privacy Issues	(i) Security(ii) Authentication(iii) Privacy issues
Certification and standardization	(i) QoS(ii) Interference(iii) Dependability(iv) SOA		(i) Quality of service and reliability(ii) Usability	(i) Standardization
Other				(i) Body sensor projects

Studies on the WBAN physical layer are associated with topics relating to the sensor, actuator, and transmitter for detecting and transmitting the data of the body and on the physical devices used in WBANs. There are studies about electromagnetic coupling and signal processing as well as research on the means of data transfer and methods of supplying sufficient power to the network. Antenna design for efficient data transfer is a major research topic. Because the sensors that make up the WBAN need to operate on the skin or within the body, a constant energy supply for the sensor is essential. Therefore, studies consider the methods of improving energy efficiency in WBANs using technology related to the reduction of energy consumption or energy harvesting. Channel technology is used for signaling of sensor data. Channel research that considers the high energy-efficiency requirements of the network and the characteristics of the body are underway. Radio technology is related to the wireless signal. The radio frequency range used by existing WSNs is not suitable for a WBAN, because the range has not been determined considering the characteristics of the human body. Therefore, the use of several new technologies for WBANs such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee), and IEEE 802.15.6 (ultrawideband (UWB)) has been studied.

The medium access control (MAC) layer technology includes techniques employed for efficient data transfer. This is one of the most common research themes in WBANs, and several researches on MAC protocols with high energy-efficiency have been carried out. Network layer technology for WBANs has also been one of the most important research themes until now, and energy-efficient routing methods have mainly been studied. Cross-layer technology is a field of study into techniques employed across a plurality of layers, not only one of the network layers. Efficient cross-layer protocols to be applied across multiple hierarchies have been studied extensively. Localization and mobility techniques have been proposed for measuring the position and movement of the sensor nodes constituting the network. Considering the characteristics of the WBAN, ensuring the privacy and security of data transmitted over the network is more important than in a WSN. Hence, methods for ensuring security and privacy of data have been actively researched. Certification and standardization relates to the standardization and QoS of the network.

WBAN technologies have significant potential for applications in a variety of fields. Key applications include remote medical diagnosis, interactive gaming, and military applications [1]. Ullah et al. [1] divided key applications into three types: in-body applications, on-body medical applications, and on-body nonmedical applications. In-body applications include glucose sensors, pacemakers, and endoscope capsules. On-body applications include monitoring blood pressure, body temperature, and respiration. On-body nonmedical applications include monitoring forgotten things and social networking. Chen et al. [5] presented the following as key applications of a WBAN: remote health/fitness monitoring, military and sports training, interactive gaming, personal information sharing, and secure authentication. Some research groups and commercial vendors have developed prototypes of WBANs such as CodeBlue [6], AID-N [7], and ASNET [8]. Those prototypes mainly focus on remote health monitoring and deal with the system architecture and service platform instead of the development of specific network protocols between nodes [2, 5].

2.2. SLR Method

SLR is a well-known method used to extract and classify research documents. According to Kitchenham [9], SLR is a method for identifying, evaluating, and interpreting research literature that is relevant to all kinds of research issues, phenomena, and areas of interest. Initially, SLR included three main stages: planning, conducting, and reporting. Subsequently, Lucas et al. [10] expanded SLR to five stages. Our study expands the SLR process to seven stages to review research literature, adding an extraction planning stage and an analyzing stage. The stages of the expanded SLR process are listed in Table 3. SLR is commonly used to review a variety of literature. For example, Lucas et al. [10] used it to survey and analyze Unified Modeling Language- (UML-) related literature in the software engineering field. Budgen et al. [11] used SLR to investigate and study the research trends in UML studies. Further, Ha et al. [12] used it to present the various research trends in Twitter studies.

Table 3

Stages in the expanded SLR process.

Kitchenham [9] (2004)	Lucas et al. [10] (2009)	This paper (2015)	Activities
Planning	Question formulation	Question formation	Stating the purpose of the study and research questions for accurate data acquisition
Conducting	Source selection	Extraction planning	Selection of main items to be extracted and creation of rules for the extraction of data
	Studies selection	Source selection	Selection of literature resource sites that provide a wealth of research materials
	Information extraction	Study selection	Selection of representative studies from each resource site
	Extraction execution	Data extraction	Extraction of the selected data items from the selected literature
	—	Data analysis	Analysis of the extracted data, acquisition of meaningful information, and identification of trends
Reporting	—	Report generation	Publication of information and trends that have been identified

3. Literature Review by the SLR Method

3.1. Question Formation Stage

For systematic review according to the SLR method, the research was conducted with the following questions. (1)

What are the differences between WBANs and WSNs, and what major WBAN techniques are being studied?

(i)

What are the differences and distinguishing features of a WBAN compared to the existing WSNs?

(ii)

What are the key technologies of a WBAN, considering the environmental characteristics?

(iii)

What technologies are being studied in academia in connection with WBANs?

(2)

What author details are available?

(i)

What characteristics do the authors have as to areas of study, and what are the countries of origin?

(ii)

What is the research trend in each country?

3.2. Extraction Planning Stage

In this stage, items and the rules for extracting information are selected to facilitate exact data extraction.

During the information extraction planning stage, information to be extracted from the selected papers was determined on the basis of the questions presented in Section 3.1. From each paper, the following data were extracted: title, author's name, number of citations, year of publication, the paper's type, main abstract, main research theme, research subthemes, keywords, author's country, affiliations, and so on.

One of the main objectives of this study is to identify the research trends related to WBANs. In order to identify the research trends, technologies studied in each paper were classified into several main research themes. The main research theme was divided into several subthemes. The main research themes were derived from the major technologies for WBANs listed in Table 2. Classified main research themes and research subthemes are summarized in Table 4.

Table 4

Main research themes and subthemes.

Main research theme	Research subtheme
Application	WBAN prototype, m-Health application, implementation of WBAN, and cloud computing
Certification	QoS
Channel	Channel model, channel measurement, channel fading, and multichannels
Cross layer	Cross-layer design and cross-layer protocol
Localization and mobility	Localization and mobility
MAC layer	MAC protocol
Networking	Routing protocol and relay network
Radio	IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) and IEEE 802.15.6 (UWB)
Physical layer	Antenna, HW/SW architecture, network architecture, sensor, system architecture, transceiver, and transmitter
Security and privacy	Security
Survey	Survey

The Application classification includes studies on the implementation [13] and application [14] of WBANs. Researches that have investigated and introduced WBAN-related technologies since 2009 were included in our review. Under channel (a classification of channel models for efficient signal transfer), there are detailed studies on the channel model [15, 16], measurement [17, 18], and fading [19]. The cross-layer classification of research includes studies on efficient data transfer for a plurality of layers. There are studies on cross-layer protocols such as CICADA [20, 21] and WASP [22]. The efficient transfer of data in the MAC layer is one of the research areas that have been studied the most. There are detailed studies associated with MAC protocols, such as Marinković et al. [23] and Omeni et al. [24]. Networking is related to data transfer, and there are detailed studies on topics such as routing protocols [20, 25]. Radio is a classification of research associated with the radio signal used in the WBAN. There are detailed studies of ultrawideband [26–28] and ZigBee [29]. Under the physical layer, there are several study topics such as antennas [30, 31], sensors [32, 33], transmitters [34], and hardware/software (HW/SW) architecture [35]. Localization, security and privacy, and certification relate to the position measurement of sensor nodes [36], to data security [37, 38], and to quality assurance [39], respectively, in WBANs. The survey classification is a summarization of WBAN technology surveys. Ullah et al. [1] and Chen et al. [5] are key researchers. Antonescu and Basagni [40] have summarized recent WBAN technologies very well.

3.3. Source Selection Stage

Resource sites were selected from candidate sites from the “List of academic database and search engines” entry in Wikipedia [1] by considering the wealth of data, ease of approach to the literature, and cost of the approach. The selected resource sites are ACM Digital Library [41], Google Scholar [42], IEEE Xplore [43], Science Direct [44], and Web of Science [45]. The keyword string that produced the most appropriate results from the literature provided on each site is “Wireless Body Area Networks.” Performing search using the Boolean OR relationship in each search engine (i.e., “Wireless” or “Body” or “Area” or “Networks”) causes too many results to be returned from each site. Therefore, search was conducted for literature that matches the exact string “Wireless Body Area Networks” in the title, summary, or keywords. The first search results of each site are presented in the Stage 1 column in Table 5.

Table 5

Numbers of papers at each stage of the selection procedure.

Resource	Stage 1	Stage 2	Overlap	Stage 3 (final)	Keyword phrase	Adaption	Sorting
ACM	449	21	10	12	“Wireless Body Area Networks”	itle, abstract, and review	Citation count
Google Scholar	4720	41	22	37	“	All	Relevance
IEEE	460	21	18	4	“	Title or abstract	Citation count
Science Direct	70	7	1	7	“	Abstract, title, and keywords (journals only)	Relevance
Web of Science	75	13	12	1	“	Title	Citation count
Total	5774	103	63	61

3.4. Study Selection Stage

The papers obtained from the literature resources were selected as literature survey papers through a three-step selection procedure. The first search of the literature was conducted on August 28, 2014. The three-step procedure is as follows.

Step 1.

By entering the phrase “Wireless Body Area Networks” into the search engine of each literature resource, the first search was performed. Results of the first search of each site are provided in the Stage 1 column of Table 5. The first search was applied mainly to the title of the literature, summary, and keywords. The scope of the search that was applied to each site is presented in the Adaption column of Table 5.

Step 2.

The primary filter operation was implemented by considering the number of papers selected in the first search of each site, number of citations of the paper, and the paper's relevance. Results of the filtering are provided in the Stage 2 column of Table 5.

Step 3.

Some retrieved papers are duplicated in more than one resource. In such cases, the papers were included in the scope of the literature review as important papers. The number of duplicated papers is given in the Overlap column of Table 5, and the number of papers finally selected is shown in the Stage 3 (Final) column. Therefore, the number of papers finally selected for the literature review is 61.

3.5. Data Extraction Stage

In this stage, the selected literature was carefully read to extract the necessary information. A data sheet was used for the calculation and extraction of accurate information.

4. Analysis of the Results from SLR

4.1. Trends in Main Research Themes according to Year of Publication

Figure 1 shows the trends of main research themes on WBANs according to the year of publication since 2003. As shown in the figure, the physical layer and the MAC layer have been major subjects for much of the research on WBANs since 2004. Recently, the application, radio, and survey research fields have been largely studied. Figures 2 and 3 show the trends in research subthemes for each main research theme. It can be readily seen that studies on MAC protocols under the MAC layer main research theme and surveys under the survey main research theme have been studied extensively. There are also many studies associated with m-health applications, the channel, routing protocols, and UWB. There is considerable research about the physical layer; however, no detailed research themes were found under that main theme.

Figure 1

Trends in main research themes according to the year of publication.

Figure 2

Trends in research subthemes for each main research theme (Part 1).

Figure 3

Trends in research subthemes for each main research theme (Part 2).

4.2. Trends according to the Importance of the Paper

In general, for citation indexes such as Science Citation Index (SCI) and Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), the impact factor (which is a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field [46]) is a measure reflecting the average number of citations of recent articles published in the journal [46]. Therefore, the impact factor generally can be calculated with

\begin{array}{l} Impact Factor \\ = \frac{the number of cites to items published in that journal}{the number of items published in that journal} . \end{array}

(1)

However, there are some differences between the impact factor of a journal and the importance of a paper. The impact factor is an index that shows the importance of a journal, whereas the importance of a paper is an index to show the level of importance of a paper. Therefore, in this paper, the importance of a paper is referred to as IMP. By considering various factors, it is possible to determine the importance of each paper that was selected.

Up to now, various methods for measuring the importance and ranking of publications have been proposed. PageRank [47] was proposed to rank web pages by considering both high usage and a collaborative notion of trust. Hyperlink-induced topic search (HITS) [48] was developed for web mining, using the link structure of publications. Stochastic approach for link structure analysis (SALSA) [49] is a combined method of PageRank and HITS. PaperRank [50] is an extended model of the HITS and PageRank models that focuses on relative functions and weights. However, these models are based on the citation relationship of the publications. In this paper, three factors (citation counter factor, impact factor, and appearance factor) are used in calculating the IMP, as seen in

\begin{array}{l} IMP (Importance of a paper) \\ = CF (Citation Count Factor) \\ + AF (Appearance Frequency) + IF (Impact Factor) . \end{array}

(2)

Therefore, the importance of paper “a,” $IM P_{a}$ , can be calculated with (3). Equation (3) can be expressed more specifically as (4). The citation counter factor of paper “a,” ${CF}_{a}$ , is calculated with (5). The impact factor of paper “a,” ${IF}_{a}$ , is calculated with (6). The appearance factor of paper “a,” ${AF}_{a}$ , is calculated as shown in (7). n is the number of resource sites, and m is the number of papers selected from each site. $C_{a}$ is the citation count of paper “a” in a resource site. $I_{a}$ means the impact factor of paper “a,” and $A_{a}$ means the appearance count of paper “a.” Consider the following:

\begin{matrix} {IMP}_{a} = {CF}_{a}^{} + {IF}_{a}^{} + {AF}_{a}^{}, \end{matrix}

(3)

\begin{matrix} {IMP}_{a} = \frac{(\sum_{i = 1}^{n} {CF}_{a}^{i})}{n} + \frac{(\sum_{i = 1}^{n} {IF}_{a}^{i})}{n} + \frac{(\sum_{i = 1}^{n} {AF}_{a}^{i})}{n} . \end{matrix}

(4)

n is the number of resource sites:

\begin{matrix} {CF}_{a} = \frac{(C_{a} - \sum_{j = 1}^{m} C_{j} / m)}{\sum_{j = 1}^{m} C_{j} / m}, \end{matrix}

(5)

\begin{matrix} {IF}_{a} = \frac{(I_{a} - \sum_{j = 1}^{m} I_{j} / m)}{\sum_{j = 1}^{m} I_{j} / m}, \end{matrix}

(6)

\begin{matrix} {AF}_{a} = \frac{(A_{a} - \sum_{j = 1}^{m} A_{j} / m)}{\sum_{j = 1}^{m} A_{j} / m} . \end{matrix}

(7)

$C_{a}$ is citation count of paper “a” in a resource site;

$I_{a}$ is impact factor of paper “a” in a resource site;

$A_{a}$ is appearance frequency of paper “a” in a resource site;

m is the number of the selected studies in a resource site.

There are several types of papers included in the selected studies, such as SCI papers, SCIE papers, Scopus papers, general journal papers, and proceedings papers. SCI, SCIE, and Scopus have impact factor indexes of themselves, but most other general journals and proceedings do not have impact factors. Therefore, a criterion that can count the impact factor for all kinds of papers is required. In this study, the unified impact factor (IF) of Table 6 is used to compute the IF with (6).

Table 6

Unified impact factors.

Type of journal	IF (diff = 0.1)	IF (diff = 0.2)
SCI	1	1
SCIE	0.9	0.8
Scopus	0.8	0.6
General Journal	0.7	0.4
Proceedings	0.6	0.2

Figures 4 and 5 show the trends in the research subthemes according to the importance of the papers. The importance of research related to implementations, HW/SW architectures, transmitters, and surveys is relatively high. The trends according to the importance of the papers do not match up exactly with the trends according to the ratio of studies, as seen in Figures 2 and 3. However, the trend in some research subthemes, such as the channel, MAC protocols, and surveys, is similar to that of the previous results. A point worth noting is that when calculating the IF of paper “a,” two IF difference values were used; the first difference value is 0.1, and the second difference value is 0.2. However, the results of the trends, according to the importance of the papers, show no significant differences between the two cases.

Figure 4

Research trends according to the importance of the paper (Part 1).

Figure 5

Research trends according to the importance of the paper (Part 2).

4.3. Characteristics and Research Trends of Major Research Subthemes

In this section, the characteristics and research trends of major research subthemes that have been studied in great detail are examined. Research themes were selected in the order of the ratio of studies in Section 4.1. The examined major research subthemes are MAC protocol, survey, UWB, and routing protocol.

First, the characteristics and research trends of MAC protocols are explained. A MAC protocol is at the core of any communications protocol and affects the quality of service (QoS). One of the most important roles of the MAC protocol is to attenuate the effect of collisions and to achieve the maximum possible throughput with minimum latency [40]. The main objectives of a MAC protocol include collision-free transfer, robustness against communications errors, energy efficiency, and real-time patient monitoring [23]. Extensive research on MAC protocols for WBANs has been conducted until now. Table 7 lists some representative research that has been largely cited by other related studies.

Table 7

Representative research on MAC protocols.

Research	IMPa/paper type	Year	Main Object	Technique	Features
Omeni et al. [24]	1.33/SCIE	2008	Energy-efficient	TDMA	Wakeup fallback time
Marinković et al. [23]	1.14/Scopus	2009	Energy-efficient	TDMA	Periodic resynchronization, robustness to communications errors, and distinctive packet format
Su and Zhang [55]	0/SCI	2009	Battery-aware/QoS	TDMA	Cross-layer based protocol, FIFO buffer for sensor nodes
Fang and Dutkiewicz [56]	−0.6/proceedings	2009	Energy-efficient	TDMA	Beacon, downlink, uplink, and sleep mode
Marinkovic et al. [57]	−1.3/proceedings	2009	Energy-efficient	TDMA	Network control packet, data packet, control message, MPDU packet, and CRC

Second, surveys are also a major detailed research subtheme. The survey studies usually introduce recent advances, useful solutions, and proposed technologies for WBANs at the physical, MAC, network, and other layers. A significant amount of survey research has been conducted since 2008. Representative and key studies under the survey classification are listed in Table 8.

Table 8

Representative survey research.

Research	IMPa/paper type	Year	Main subjects	Features
Chen et al. [5]	2.61/Scopus	2011	Provides a detailed investigation of all aspects of BAN research	Sensor device, physical and data link layer, and radio technologies
Latré et al. [2]	2.40/SCI	2011	Provides an overview of the current research on WBANs	Taxonomy, requirements, positioning physical, MAC, network, and cross layer
Cao et al. [3]	1.76/SCI	2009	Surveys pioneering WBAN research projects and enabling technologies	Applications, sensor devices, and radio technologies
Ullah et al. [1]	1.28/SCIE	2012	Reviews the fundamental mechanisms of WBANs	Technologies for WBANs at the physical, MAC, and network layers

Third, the next major research subtheme is UWB. UWB is a radio technology that may be used at a very low energy level for short-range, high-bandwidth communications [46]. The Federal Communications Commission regulates license-free use of UWB in the 3.1 to 10.6-GHz band to have relatively low-power spectral density emission [5]. Therefore, a number of UWB applications in short-range and indoor environments, which are suitable for WBANs, have been developed. UWB also has many advantages with respect to a variety of other aspects, such as the measurement of exact location and minimizing electronic and magnetic energy absorption by the human body [5]. For these reasons, researchers have given much attention to UWB technology. There have been many studies on other UWB applications until now. Representative studies are listed in Table 9.

Table 9

Representative research on UWB.

Research	IMPa/paper type	Published year	Main subjects	Features
Zhang and Li [58]	1.06/SCI	2007	Measurement of UWB performance	The impact of 3.1–10.6 GHz on the human body on the UWB channel
Zasowski et al. [59]	−0.34/SCI	2006	UWB signal propagation in the human head	The frequency range between 1.5 and 8 GHz, ear-to-ear link
Alomainy et al. [26]	−0.53/journal	2006	Experimental investigation of UWB on-body radio propagation	Effects of different antenna types on channel behavior
Zasowski et al. [60]	−1.06/proceedings	2005	Possible propagation mechanisms in the frequency range between 1.5 and 8 GHz	The impact of propagation mechanisms on the UWB WBAN communications system

Finally, the last major research subtheme is routing protocols. A routing protocol is also one of the core components of an energy-efficient WBAN. Recently, a study by Bangash et al. [51] classifies routing protocols for WBANs into five categories, as listed in Table 10. The table lists the various types of routing protocols proposed in studies on routing protocols based on the classification of Bangash et al. Table 11 lists representative studies on routing protocols for WBANs.

Table 10

Routing protocols for WBANs.

Categories	Bangash et al. [51] (2014)	Movassaghi et al. [61] (2013)	Ullah et al. [1] (2012)	Latré et al. [2] (2011)
QoS-aware routing protocols	QoS-Aware (2007) RL-QRP (2008) LOCAL-MOR (2009) DMQoS (2011) EPR (2012) QPRD (2012) QPRR (2013)	LOCALMOR DMQoS RL-QRP QoS framework
Temperature-aware routing protocols	TARA (2005) LTR (2006) ALTR (2006) LTRT (2007) HPT (2008) RAIN (2008) TSHR (2009) M-ATTEMPT (2013)	TARA LTR ALTR LTRT HPR RAIN TSHR	TARA LTR ALTR LTRT	TARA LTR ALTR LTRT
Cluster-based routing protocols	HIT (2004) AnyBody (2007)	AnyBody HIT	HIT AnyBody	HIT AnyBody
Postural-movement-based routing protocols (cost-effective routing)	PRPLC (2009) OBSFR (2009) DVRPLC (2010) Opport (2011) EPTA (2012) PSR (2012)	Opportunistic routing PSR PRPLC DVR-PLC OBSFR ETPA
Cross-layered routing protocols	WASP (2006) CICADA (2007) TICOSS (2007) Biocomm (2009) Biocomm-d (2009)	WASP CICADA TICOSS BIOCOMM BIOCOMM-D	WASP CICADA Ruzelli	Ruzelli CICADA

Table 11

Representative research on routing protocols for WBANs.

Research	IMPa/paper type	Year	Proposed protocol	Category	Features
Latré et al. [20]	0.86/proceeding	2007	CICADA	Cross-layered routing protocols	Low delay and good resilience to mobility and initially in the cross-layer
Quwaider and Biswas [25]	0.86/SCIE	2010	DTN routing	Postural-movement-based routing protocols	A sort of store-and-forward packet routing protocol and on-body routing protocol
Javaid et al. [62]	−1.25/Journal	2013	M-ATTEMPT	Temperature-aware routing protocols	Temperature-aware + postural-movement-based routing protocol
Watteyne et al. [63]	−1.40/proceeding	2007	AnyBody	Cluster-based routing protocols	Setting up the backbone and setting up the routing path

4.4. Other Research Trends

Other research trends in WBANs were also investigated. Figure 6 shows the paper types of the selected literature. SCI journal and proceedings are the majority. In particular, under the channel and physical layer main research themes, there is a lot of SCI journal research. Figure 7 shows the research trends in various countries. The physical layer field has mainly been studied in Belgium and Singapore. The application, channel, and cross-layer fields have been studied well in the USA, the UK, and Belgium, respectively. Figure 8 shows the overall research trends in the main countries where researches were carried out. It can be readily seen that many studies of WBANs are conducted in the USA, Belgium, the UK, and Korea. The nationality for each document is based on the nationality of the first author.

Figure 6

WBAN technologies and paper type.

Figure 7

Country-wise research trends.

Figure 8

Country-wise WBAN research.

4.5. Conclusion of Research Trends in WBANs

Through the analysis of the results of the systematic review using the SLR method, it is possible to figure out the following trends in the research on WBANs.

(1) Research associated with the physical layer and the MAC layer under WBAN main research themes have been studied at length since 2005. In recent years, research related to applications, radio, and surveys has been conducted more than other fields.

(2) Many studies on MAC protocols under the MAC layer main research theme and on surveys under the main survey research theme have been conducted. Many studies associated with m-health applications, the channel, routing protocols, and UWB as research subthemes have been conducted.

(3) As for the importance of the research, the importance of research related to implementations, HW/SW architectures, transmitters, and surveys is relatively high. The trends, according to the importance of the papers, do not match up exactly with the trends according to the ratio of the studies. However, the trends in some research subthemes, such as the channel, MAC protocols, and surveys, are similar to the ratio of studies.

(4) For paper types among the selected literature, SCI journals and proceedings constitute the majority. In particular, under the channel and physical layer main research themes, there is considerable SCI journal research. For research trends in each country, the physical layer field has been studied mainly in Belgium and Singapore. The application, channel, and cross-layer fields have been studied extensively in the USA, the UK, and Belgium, respectively.

4.6. Discussion

The results of the review of WBAN study trends suggest that more studies on the physical layer and MAC layer of WBANs, as well as applications, radio technology, and surveys of WBANs will be conducted than on other research themes. This section presents the future challenges and research problems concerning these themes. In the physical layer of the WBAN, sensor devices and radio technology are more important. For sensor devices, sensitivity, energy efficiency, and data acquisition efficiency are key parameters to be considered [52]. In radio technology, bandwidth and interoperability are main research problems. For example, the integration of several sensing devices operating at different frequencies can cause an interoperability problem [52]. In the MAC layer of a WBAN, energy efficiency and low latency are important. Their challenges in WBAN MAC protocols were presented by Gopalan and Park [53]. These include collisions, overhearing, and idle listening techniques [40]. In the application layer of a WBAN, organizing the data and producing meaningful information that evolves into knowledge are important challenges, according to Alemdar and Ersoy [52]. These authors focused on reviewing WBAN studies and surveys on research trends in WBANs. Their work can be classified as a survey. In early times, most survey studies focused on all technologies in WBANs, but most of the main technology and research problems have been revealed through previous studies. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on surveys of more detailed research themes, as seen in Table 4. The works of Ullah et al. [1], Gopalan and Park [53], and Bangash et al. [51] are a few examples.

5. Conclusion

Because the WBAN has environmental characteristics vastly different from that of WSNs, the existing technologies for conventional sensor networks cannot be applied to the WBAN. This study examined the characteristics of WBANs that are different from that of existing WSNs and classified WBAN-related technologies that have been studied recently. In addition, a systematic review was performed via SLR in order to understand recent research trends in WBANs. Through analysis of the results of the literature review, it was possible to identify several research trends in the studies, as described in Section 4.5.

Footnotes

Conflict of Interests

The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by a 2015 Kyungil University research grant.

References

Ullah

Higgins

Braem

Latre

Blondia

Moerman

Saleem

Rahman

Kwak

K. S.

A comprehensive survey of wireless body area networks on PHY, MAC, and network layers solutions

Journal of Medical Systems 2012 36 3 1065 1094

10.1007/s10916-010-9571-3

2-s2.0-84864035796

Latré

Braem

Moerman

Blondia

Demeester

A survey on wireless body area networks

Wireless Networks 2011 17 1 1 18

10.1007/s11276-010-0252-4

2-s2.0-79951723271

Cao

Leung

Chow

Chan

Enabling technologies for wireless body area networks: a survey and outlook

IEEE Communications Magazine 2009 47 12 84 93

10.1109/mcom.2009.5350373

2-s2.0-72949118964

Dam

K. Van

Pitchers

Barnard

Body area networks: towards a wearable future

Proceedings of WWRF Kick Off Meeting

March 2001

Munich, Germany

Chen

Gonzalez

Vasilakos

Cao

Leung

V. C. M.

Body area networks: a survey

Mobile Networks and Applications 2011 16 2 171 193

10.1007/s11036-010-0260-8

2-s2.0-79956094375

Shnayder

Chen

Lorincz

Fulford-Jones

Welsh

Sensor networks for medical care

Harvard University Technical Report 2005 TR-08-05

Gao

Massey

Selavo

Crawford

Chen

B.-R.

Lorincz

Shnayder

Hauenstein

Dabiri

Jeng

Chanmugam

White

Sarrafzadeh

Welsh

The advanced health and disaster aid network: a light-weight wireless medical system for tiage

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 2007 1 3 203 216

10.1109/tbcas.2007.910901

2-s2.0-39549117996

Sheltami

Mahmoud

Abu-amara

Warning and monitoring medical system using sensor networks

Proceedings of the Saudi 18th National Computer Conference (NCC ′06)

2006

63 68

Kitchenham

Procedures for performing systematic reviews

2004

Sydney, Australia

NICTA

10.

Lucas

F. J.

Molina

Toval

A systematic review of UML model consistency management

Information and Software Technology 2009 51 12 1631 1645

10.1016/j.infsof.2009.04.009

2-s2.0-70349470851

11.

Budgen

Burn

A. J.

Brereton

O. P.

Kitchenham

B. A.

Pretorius

Empirical evidence about the UML: a systematic literature review

Software: Practice and Experience 2011 41 4 363 392

10.1002/spe.1009

2-s2.0-79952480632

12.

I. K.

Park

Kim

C. G.

Analysis of Twitter research trends based on SLR

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT ′14)

February 2014

774 778

10.1109/icact.2014.6779067

2-s2.0-84898959486

13.

Yuce

M. R.

Implementation of wireless body area networks for healthcare systems

Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical 2010 162 1 116 129

10.1016/j.sna.2010.06.004

2-s2.0-77955429352

14.

Montón

Hernandez

J. F.

Blasco

J. M.

Hervé

Micallef

Grech

Brincat

Traver

Body area network for wireless patient monitoring

IET Communications 2008 2 2 215 222

10.1049/iet-com:20070046

2-s2.0-41149091320

15.

Ryckaert

De Doncker

Meys

De Le Hoye

Donnay

Channel model for wireless communication around human body

Electronics Letters 2004 40 9 543 544

10.1049/el:20040386

2-s2.0-2542441781

16.

Cotton

S. L.

Scanlon

W. G.

An experimental investigation into the influence of user state and environment on fading characteristics in wireless body area networks at 2.45 GHz

IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 2009 8 1 6 12

10.1109/t-wc.2009.070788

2-s2.0-61349141943

17.

Zasowski

Althaus

Stager

Wittneben

Troster

UWB for noninvasive wireless body area networks: channel measurements and results

Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies (UWBST ′03)

November 2003

285 289

10.1109/uwbst.2003.1267849

2-s2.0-84900006049

18.

Alomainy

Hao

Owadally

Parini

C. G.

Nechayev

Constantinou

C. C.

Hall

P. S.

Statistical analysis and performance evaluation for on-body radio propagation with microstrip patch antennas

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 2007 55 1 245 248

10.1109/tap.2006.888462

2-s2.0-33846910023

19.

Cotton

S. L.

Scanlon

W. G.

A statistical analysis of indoor multipath fading for a narrowband wireless body area network

Proceedings of the IEEE 17th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications

September 2006

1 5

2-s2.0-44949094392

10.1109/pimrc.2006.254266

20.

Latré

Braem

Moerman

Blondia

Reusens

Joseph

Demeester

A low-delay protocol for multihop wireless body area networks

Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services (MobiQuitous ′07)

August 2007

2-s2.0-50249125456

10.1109/mobiq.2007.4451060

21.

Singelee

Latré

Braem

Peeters

Soete

M. D.

Cleyn

P. D.

Preneel

Moerman

Blondia

A secure cross-layer protocol for multi-hop wireless body area networks

Ad-hoc, Mobile and Wireless Networks 2008 5198

Berlin, Germany

Springer

94 107 Lecture Notes in Computer Science

10.1007/978-3-540-85209-4_8

22.

Braem

Latré

Moerman

Blondia

Demeester

The wireless autonomous spanning tree protocol for multihop wireless body area networks

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Service

July 2006

1 8

10.1109/mobiq.2006.340421

2-s2.0-51149121848

23.

Marinković

S. J.

Popovici

E. M.

Spagnol

Faul

Marnane

W. P.

Energy-efficient low duty cycle MAC protocol fo wireless body area networks

IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 2009 13 6 915 925

10.1109/TITB.2009.2033591

2-s2.0-70449567214

24.

Omeni

Wong

A. C. W.

Burdett

A. J.

Toumazou

Energy efficient medium access protocol for wireless medical body area sensor networks

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 2008 2 4 251 259

10.1109/TBCAS.2008.2003431

2-s2.0-57049142061

25.

Quwaider

Biswas

DTN routing in body sensor networks with dynamic postural partitioning

Ad Hoc Networks 2010 8 8 824 841

10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.03.002

2-s2.0-77954034169

26.

Alomainy

Hao

Parini

C. G.

Hall

P. S.

UWB on-body radio propagation and system modelling for wireless body-centric networks

IEE Proceedings: Communications 2006 153 1 107 114

10.1049/ip-com:20050046

2-s2.0-32544450307

27.

Zhang

Y. P.

Performance of UWB impulse radio with planar monopoles over on-human-body propagation channel for wireless body area networks

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 2007 55 10 2907 2914

10.1109/TAP.2007.905825

2-s2.0-35348876035

28.

Cha

J. S.

Kim

E. C.

Kim

J. Y.

Kim

J. H.

UWB based MODEM technology and RFIC property overview for wireless human body communication

The Journal of the Institute of Webcasting, Internet Television and Telecommunication 2009 9 5 133 138

29.

Timmons

N. F.

Scanlon

W. G.

Analysis of the performance of IEEE 802.15.4 for medical sensor body area networking

Proceedings of the IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON ′04)

October 2004

16 24

2-s2.0-20344397428

30.

Klemm

Troester

Textile UWB antennas for wireless body area networks

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 2006 54 11 3192 3197

10.1109/tap.2006.883978

31.

Tronquo

Rogier

Hertleer

van Langenhove

Robust planar textile antenna for wireless body LANs operating in 2.45 GHz ISM band

Electronics Letters 2006 42 3 142 143

10.1049/el:20064200

2-s2.0-32044442034

32.

Gyselinckx

van Hoof

Ryckaert

Yazicioglu

R. F.

Fiorini

Leonov

Human++: autonomous wireless sensors for body area networks

Proceedings of the Custom Integrated Circuits Conference

September 2005

IEEE

13 19

10.1109/cicc.2005.1568597

2-s2.0-33645911733

33.

Chatterjee

Somkuwar

Design analysis of wireless sensors in ban for stress monitoring of fighter pilots

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Networks (ICON ′08)

December 2008

1 6

10.1109/icon.2008.4772562

2-s2.0-66649089766

34.

Ryckaert

Desset

Fort

Badaroglu

De Heyn

Wambacq

Van der Plas

Donnay

Van Poucke

Gyselinckx

Ultra-wide-band transmitter for low-power wireless body area networks: design and evaluation

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 2005 52 12 2515 2525

10.1109/tcsi.2005.858187

2-s2.0-29344434938

35.

Otto

Milenkovic

Sanders

Jovanov

System architecture of a wireless body area sensor network for ubiquitous health monitoring

Journal of Mobile Multimedia 2006 1 4 307 326

36.

González-Valenzuela

Chen

Leung

V. C. M.

Evaluation of wireless body area sensor placement for mobility support in healthcare monitoring systems

Ad Hoc Networks 2010 49 384 399

2-s2.0-84885885143

10.1007/978-3-642-17994-5_26

37.

Lou

Ren

Data security and privacy in wireless body area networks

IEEE Wireless Communications 2010 17 1 51 58

2-s2.0-77649094379

10.1109/MWC.2010.5416350

38.

Poon

C. C. Y.

Zhang

Y.-T.

Bao

S.-D.

A novel biometrics method to secure wireless body area sensor networks for telemedicine and M-health

IEEE Communications Magazine 2006 44 4 73 81

10.1109/MCOM.2006.1632652

2-s2.0-33646948221

39.

Ameen

M. A.

Nessa

Kwak

K. S.

QoS issues with focus on wireless body area networks

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Convergence and Hybrid Information Technology (ICCIT ′08)

November 2008

801 807

10.1109/iccit.2008.130

2-s2.0-57849166254

40.

Antonescu

Basagni

Wireless body area networks: challenges, trends and emerging technologies

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Body Area Networks

September 2013

Boston, Mass, USA

1 7

10.4108/icst.bodynets.2013.253722

41.

ACM Digital Library 2014, http://dl.acm.org/

42.

IEEE Xplore http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/

43.

Google Scholar, 2014, http://scholar.google.co.kr/

44.

Science Direct, 2014, http://www.sciencedirect.com/

45.

Web of Science http://apps.webofknowledge.com/

46.

Wikipedia http://www.wikipedia.org/

47.

Page

Brin

Motwani

Winograd

The pagerank citation ranking: bringing order to the web

1998

Stanford University

48.

Kleinberg

J. M.

Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment

Proceedings of the 9th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms

1998

New York, NY, USA

ACM

668 677

MR1642981

49.

Lempel

Moran

The stochastic approach for link-structure analysis (SALSA) and the TKC effect

Proceedings of the 9th International World Wide Web Conference on Computer Networks (WWW ′00)

2000

387 401

50.

Mingcui

Fengshan

Yushen

PaperRank: a ranking model for scientific publications

Proceedings of the WRI World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering (CSIE ′09)

April 2009

Los Angeles, Calif, USA

277 281

2-s2.0-71049183953

10.1109/csie.2009.479

51.

Bangash

J. I.

Abdullah

A. H.

Anisi

M. H.

Khan

A. W.

A survey of routing protocols in wireless body sensor networks

Sensors 2014 14 1 1322 1357

10.3390/s140101322

2-s2.0-84892578700

52.

Alemdar

Ersoy

Wireless sensor networks for healthcare: a survey

Computer Networks 2010 54 15 2688 2710

10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.003

2-s2.0-77956882701

53.

Gopalan

S. A.

Park

J. T.

Energy-efficient MAC protocols for wireless body area networks: survey

Proceedings of the International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems and Workshops (ICUMT ′10)

October 2010

739 744

10.1109/icumt.2010.5676554

2-s2.0-79951496886

54.

Hanson

M. A.

Powell

H. C.

Jr. Barth

A. T.

Ringgenberg

Calhoun

B. H.

Aylor

J. H.

Lach

Body area sensor networks: challenges and opportunities

Computer 2009 42 1 58 65

10.1109/mc.2009.5

2-s2.0-59849115600

55.

Zhang

Battery-dynamics driven tdma mac protocols for wireless body-area monitoring networks in healthcare applications

IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 2009 27 4 424 434

2-s2.0-67349144635

10.1109/JSAC.2009.090507

56.

Fang

Dutkiewicz

BodyMAC: energy efficient TDMA-based MAC protocol for wireless body area networks

Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology (ISCIT ′09)

September 2009

1455 1459

10.1109/iscit.2009.5341045

2-s2.0-74549143173

57.

Marinkovic

Spagnol

Popovici

Energy-efficient TDMA-based MAC protocol for wireless body area networks

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM ′09)

June 2009

Athens, Greece

IEEE

604 609

10.1109/sensorcomm.2009.99

2-s2.0-70449478182

58.

Zhang

Y. P.

Performance of UWB impulse radio with planar monopoles over on-human-body propagation channel for wireless body area networks

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 2007 55 10 2907 2914

10.1109/tap.2007.905825

2-s2.0-35348876035

59.

Zasowski

Meyer

Althaus

Wittneben

UWB signal propagation at the human head

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 2006 54 4 1836 1844

10.1109/TMTT.2006.871989

2-s2.0-33645912066

60.

Zasowski

Meyer

Althaus

Wittneben

Propagation effects in UWB body area networks

Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICU ′05)

September 2005

16 21

2-s2.0-33645920595

61.

Movassaghi

Abolhasan

Lipman

A review of routing protocols in wireless body area networks

Journal of Networks 2013 8 3 559 575

10.4304/jnw.8.3.559-575

2-s2.0-84875707836

62.

Javaid

Abbas

Fareed

Khan

Alrajeh

M-ATTEMPT: a new energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless body area sensor networks

Procedia Computer Science 2013 19 224 231

63.

Watteyne

Augé-Blum

Dohler

Barthel

AnyBody: a self-organization protocol for body area networks

Proceedings of the 2nd International ICST Conference on Body Area Networks

June 2007

Florence, Italy

10.4108/bodynets.2007.186

Technologies and Research Trends in Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Related Works

2.1. Main Technologies of WBANs

2.2. SLR Method

3. Literature Review by the SLR Method

3.1. Question Formation Stage

3.2. Extraction Planning Stage

3.3. Source Selection Stage

3.4. Study Selection Stage

Step 1.

Step 2.

Step 3.

3.5. Data Extraction Stage

4. Analysis of the Results from SLR

4.1. Trends in Main Research Themes according to Year of Publication

4.2. Trends according to the Importance of the Paper

4.3. Characteristics and Research Trends of Major Research Subthemes

4.4. Other Research Trends

4.5. Conclusion of Research Trends in WBANs

4.6. Discussion

5. Conclusion

Footnotes

Conflict of Interests

Acknowledgment

References