International Law Has a Role to Play in Addressing Antibiotic Resistance

Hoffman S. J. Røttingen J. A. , “A Framework Convention on Obesity Control?” The Lancet 378, no. 9809 (2011): 2068; Hoffman S. J. Røttingen J. A. , “Alcohol Control: Be Sparing with International Laws,” Nature 483, no. 7389 (2012): 275; Hoffman S. J. Røttingen J. A. Frenk J. , “Assessing Proposals for New Global Health Treaties: An Analytic Framework,” American Journal of Public Health (2015): e1–e8, doi:10. 2105/AJPH.2015.302726;; Hoffman S. J. Røttingen J. A. , “Assessing Implementation Mechanisms for an International Agreement on Research and Development for Health Products,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90, no. 11 (2012): 854–863; Hoffman S. J. Røttingen J. A. , “Dark Sides of the Proposed Framework Convention on Global Health's Many Virtues: A Systematic Review and Critical Analysis,” Health and Human Rights 15, no. 1 (2013): E117–E1134; Hoffman S. J. Røttingen J. A. , “Assessing the Expected Impact of Global Health Treaties: Evidence from 90 Quantitative Evaluations,” American Journal of Public Health 105, no. 1 (2015): 26–40.

Hoffman S. J. Outterson K. Røttingen J. A. Cars O. Clift C. Rizvi Z. Rotberg F. Tomson G. Zorzet A. , “An International Legal Framework to Address Antimicrobial Resistance,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93, no. 2 (2015): 66; Røttingen J. A. , “Regulating Antimicrobials,” in Frenk J. Hoffman S. J. , eds., “To Save Humanity”: What Matters Most for a Healthy Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015): At 297–299.

See Hoffman Røttingen Frenk , supra note 1.

See Hoffman Røttingen (2015), supra note 1.

Abouharb M. R. Cingranelli D. , Human Rights and Structural Adjustment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

Palmer A. Tomkinson J. Phung C. Ford N. Joffres M. Fernandes K.A. Zeng L. Lima V. Montaner J. S. Guyatt G. H. Mills E. J. , “Does Ratification of Human-Rights Treaties Have Effects on Population Health?” The Lancet 373, no. 9689 (2009): 1987–1992.

See Hoffman Røttingen (2012, “Assessing Implementation”), supra note 1.

See Hoffman Røttingen (2011), supra note 1.

Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, “Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally,” available at <http://amr-review.org/home> (last visited April 18, 2015).

See Hoffman Røttingen (2012, “Alcohol Control”), supra note 1.

Behdinan A. Hoffman S. J. Pearcey M. , “Some Global Policies for Antibiotic Resistance Depend on Legally Binding and Enforceable Commitments,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Online only.

See Hoffman Røttingen Frenk , supra note 1

See Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, supra note 10.

Ostrom E. , Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Hollis A. Maybarduk P. , “Antibiotic Resistance Is a Tragedy of the Commons That Necessitates Global Cooperation,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Online only.

Daulaire N. Bang A. Tomson G. Kalyango J. N. Cars O. , “Universal Access to Effective Antimicrobials: An Essential Feature of Global Collective Action against Antimicrobial Resistance,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Online only; Balasegaram M. Clift C. Røttingen J.-A. , “A Pathway towards an Alternative Business Model for Antibiotic Innovation: A Framework, Fund and Institutional Mechanism,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Available via aslme.org.

WHA 67.25, Resolutions of the Sixty-Seventh World Health Assembly: Antimicrobial Resistance , World Health Organization, available at <http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA67/A67_R25-en.pdf> (last visited May 20, 2015); World Health Organization, The Evolving Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance: Options for Action (Geneva: WHO Press, 2012); World Health Organization, WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance, available at <http://www.who.int/drugresistance/WHO_Global_Strategy_English.pdf> (last visited May 20, 2015); World Health Organization, Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance (Geneva: WHO Press, 2014); WHA 58.27, Resolutions of the Fifty-Eighth World Health Assembly: Improving the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance , World Health Organization available at <http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16340e/s16340e.pdf> (last visited May 20, 2015).

See Hoffman , supra note 2

Hoffman S. J. Ottersen T. , “Addressing Antibiotic Resistance Requires Robust International Accountability Mechanisms,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 2, Supp. (2015): Available via aslme.org.