The Four Stages of Youth Sports TBI Policymaking: Engagement,Enactment,Research,and Reform

Our work is influenced by Brownson R. , “Understanding Evidence-Based Public Health Policy,” American Journal of Public Health 99, no. 9 (2009): 1576–1583.

See, e.g., Harper S. , “The Effect of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Seat Belt Use by Socioeconomic Position,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 33, no. 10.1002 (2014): 1141–161.

See, e.g., Davis C. , “Effects of an Intensive Street-Level Police Intervention on Syringe Exchange Program Use in Philadelphia, PA,” American Journal of Public Health 95, no. 2 (2005): 233–236.

See, e.g., Ibrahim J. K. , “State Laws Restricting Driver Use of Mobile Communications Devices: Distracted-Driving Provisions, 1992–2010,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 40, no. 6 (2011): 659–665.

See generally Brownson , supra note 1.

See, e.g., Protecting Student Athletes from Concussions Act of 2013, S. 1546, 113th Cong. (2013).

See, e.g., In re: National Football League Players' Concussion Injury Litigation, MDL No. 2323 (E.D.Pa. 2012); In re: NCAA Student-Athlete Concussion Injury Litigation MDL No. 2492 (N.D.Ill. 2013).

See, Burlette Carter W. , “Introduction: What Makes a “Field” a Field?” Virginia Journal of Sports & Law 1, no. 1 (1999): 235–245 at 235, 244–245; Davis T. , “What Is Sports Law,” Marquette Sports Law Review 11, no. 2 (2001): 211–244, at 211, 212–13, 234–235.

Langlois J. A. , “The Epidemiology and Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Brief Overview,” Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 21, no. 5 (2006): 375–378, at 375, 376.

National Federation of State High School Associations, “2012–13 High School Athletics Participation Survey,” in NFHS Handbook 2013–2014 (2013), available at <http://www.nfhs.org/media/885654/2013–14-nfhs-handbook.pdf> (last visited January 23, 2015).

Harvey H. H. , “Reducing Traumatic Brain Injuries in Youth Sports: Youth Sports Traumatic Brain Injury State Laws, January 2009-December 2012,” American Journal of Public Health 103, no. 7 (2013): 1249–1254.

Chrisman S. P. , “Implementation Of Concussion Legislation and Extent of Concussion Education for Athletes, Parents, and Coaches in Washington State,” American Journal of Sports Medicine 42, no. 5 (2014): 1190–1196.

Harvey H. H. , “Refereeing the Public Health,” Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics 14, no. 1 (2014): 66–121.

Lowrey K. M. Morain S. R. , “State Experiences Implementing Youth Sports Concussion Laws: Challenges, Successes, and Lessons for Evaluating Impact,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 42, no. 3 (2014): 290–296.

See the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, “Concussions and Sports,” 42, no. 3 (2014).

Cantu R. Hyman R. , Concussions and Our Kids (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012).

See, e.g., <http://www.nflevolution.com/concussion-protocol> (NFL's protocol) and <http://www.popwarner.com/safety/concussionpolicy.htm> (Pop Warner's youth football protocol) (both last visited January 23, 2015).

See Lowrey K. M. , “State Laws Addressing Youth SportsRelated Traumatic Brain Injury and the Future of Concussion Law and Policy,” Journal of Business & Technology Law 10, no. 1 (2014): 61–72.

These changes included changing definitions of qualified health providers (Alaska), gathering more outcome data (Connecticut, Vermont), and “return to learn” programs (Nebraska, Virginia).

Massachusetts was a leader in this effort, but other states soon followed. Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 111, § 222. For example, California, Connecticut, and Vermont have amended their laws to add similar primary prevention strategies.

N.J. Stat. Ann. § 18A:40–41.2 (focused on cheerleading TBIs).

See Rivara F. P. , “The Effect of Coach Education on Reporting of Concussions among High School Athletes After Passage of a Concussion Law,” American Journal of Sports Medicine 1187, no. 5 (2014): 1197–1203, at 1197, 1202.

See, e.g., Williams J. , “Does Liberalizing Cannabis Laws Increase Cannabis Use?” Journal of Health Economics 36 (2014): 20–32.