PTSD in Active Combat Soldiers: To Treat or Not to Treat

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See supra note 1.

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See Foa (2005), supra note 10.

See also Asukai N. , “Efficacy of Exposure Therapy for Japanese Patients with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Due to Mixed Traumatic Events: A Randomized Controlled Study,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 23, no. 6 (2010): 744–750;.

Karlin B. E. , “Dissemination of Evidence-Based Psychological Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Veterans Health Administration,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 23, no. 6 (2012): 663–673;.

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See supra note 10.

For a review, see: Foa E. B. , “Prolonged Exposure Therapy: Past, Present, and Future,” Depression and Anxiety 28, no. 12 (2011): 1043–1047.

See supra note 14.

Cahill S. P. , “Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for PTSD on Anger,” Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 17, no. 2 (2003): 113–131;.

Foa (2005), supra note 8.

Depressive symptoms, see: Tuerk P. W. , “Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Examination of Treatment Effectiveness for Veterans of the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq,” Journal of Anxiety Disorders 25, no. 3 (2011): 397–403;.

Serious mental illness, see: Frueh B. C. , “Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of PTSD in Adults with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder: A Pilot Study,” Journal of Anxiety Disorders 23, no. 5 (2009): 665–675;.

Traumatic brain injury, see: Strom G. K. , “A Preliminary Examination of Prolonged Exposure Therapy with Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans with a Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Mild to Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury,” Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 27, no. 1 (2012): 26–32;.

Substance dependence, see Foa E. B. Yusko D. A. , “Concurrent Treatment for Alcohol Dependence and PTSD,” 44th Annual Convention of the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, November 18–21, 2010, San Francisco, CA.

See supra note 11.

Cason D. Grubaugh A. Resick P. , “Gender and PTSD Treatment: Efficacy and Effectiveness,” in Kimerling R. , eds., Gender and PTSD (New York: Guilford Press, 2002): At 305–334.

See Tuerk , supra note 20.

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Tuerk P. W. , “A Pilot Study of Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Delivered via Telehealth Technology,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 23, no. 1 (2010): 116–123.

See Steenkamp M. M. Litz B. T. , “Psychotherapy for Military-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Review of the Evidence,” Clinical Psychology Review 33, no. 1 (2012): 45–53.

Substance dependence, see Back S. E. , “Use of an Integrated Therapy with Prolonged Exposure to Treat PTSD and Comorbid Alcohol Dependence in an Iraq Veteran,” American Journal of Psychiatry 169, no. 7 (2012): 688–691;.

Compulsive checking, see: Tuerk P. W. , “Diagnosis and Treatment of PTSD-Related Compulsive Checking Behaviors in Veterans of the Iraq War: The Influence of Military Context on the Expression of PTSD Symptoms,” American Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 7 (2009): 762–767;.

World War II, see: Yoder M. S. Tuerk P. W. Acierno R. , “Prolonged Exposure with a World War II Veteran: 60 Years of Guilt and Feelings of Inadequacy,” Clinical Case Studies 9, no. 6 (2010): 457–467.

See supra note 29.

Hembree E. A. , “Do Patients Drop Out Prematurely From Exposure Therapy for PTSD?” Journal of Traumatic Stress 16, no. 6 (2003): 555–562.

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See supra note 9.

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See Rauch S. A. M. Eftekhari A. Ruzek J. I. , “Review of Exposure Therapy: A Gold Standard for PTSD Treatment,” Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 49, no. 5 (2012): 679–688.

See Foa (2005), supra note 10.

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See Asukai Nacasach , supra note 15;.

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Tuerk P. W. , “A Pilot Study of Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Delivered via Telehealth Technology,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 23, no. 1 (2010): 116–123.

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Hoyt T. Candy C. , “Providing Treatment Services for PTSD at an Army FORSCOM Installation,” Military Psychology 23, no. 3 (2011): 237–252.

See supra note 9.

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See McLay , supra note 33.

See supra note 9.

For example, see Dickstein B. D. , “Targeting Self-Stigma in Returning Military Personnel and Veterans: A Review of Intervention Strategies,” Military Psychology 22, no. 2 (2010): 224–236;.

Hoge C. W. , “Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care,” New England Journal of Medicine 351, no. 1 (2004): 13–22.

See supra note 29.

van Minnen A. , “Examining Potential Contraindications for Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD,” European Journal of Psychotraumatology 3, special section (2012): 1–14.

See supra note 9.

JASON, “The $100 genome: Implications for the DoD,” Report No. JSR-10–100, December 2010.

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Norrholm S. D. Ressler K. J. , “Genetics of Anxiety and Trauma-Related Disorders,” Neuroscience 164, no. 1 (2009): 272–287;.

Yehuda R. , “The Role of Genes in Defining a Molecular Biology of PTSD,” Disease Markers 30, nos. 2–3 (2011): 67–76.

For example, see Mustapic M. , “Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase (DBH) Activity and -1021C/T Polymorphism of DBH Gene in Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” American Journal of Medical Genetics 144B, no. 8 (2007): 1087–1089.

For example, see Wang Z. , “The Relationship between Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 Polymorphism,” Depression and Anxiety 28, no. 12 (2011): 1067–1073.

For example, see Bachman A. , “Glucocorticoid Receptor Polymorphisms and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, no. 3 (2005): 297–306.

Bryant R. A. , “Preliminary Evidence of the Short Allele of the Serotonin Transporter Gene Predicting Poor Response to Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Biological Psychiatry 67, no. 12 (2010): 1217–1219.

Cohen B. W. , “Mental Health Diagnoses and Utilization of VA Non-mental Health Medical Services among Returning Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 25, no.1 (2010): 1117–1123.

See Hoge , supra note 50;.

Kehle S. K. , “Early Mental Health Treatment-Seeking among US National Guard Soldiers Deployed to Iraq,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 23, no. 1 (2010): 33–40.

Interian A. , “Readjustment Stressors and Early Mental Health Treatment Seeking by Returning National Guard Soldiers with PTSD,” Psychiatric Services 63, no. 9 (2012): 855–861.

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See supra note 36.

For a review, see Schnurr P. P. , “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Quality of Life: Extension of Findings to Veterans of the Wards in Iraq and Afghanistan,” Clinical Psychology Review 29, no. 8 (2009): 727–735.

Renshaw K. D. Rodrigues C. S. Jones D. H. , “Psychological Symptoms and Marital Satisfaction in Spouses of Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans: Relationships with Spouses' Perceptions of Veterans' Experiences and Symptoms,” Journal of Family Psychology 22, no. 4 (2008): 586–594;.

Renshaw K. D. Rodrigues C. S. Jones D. H. , “Combat Exposure, Psychological Symptoms, and Marital Satisfaction in National Guard Soldiers Who Served in Operation Iraqi Freedom from 2005 to 2006,” Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 22, no. 1 (2009): 101–115.

Hosain G. M. , “Sexual Dysfunction among Male Veterans Returning from Iraq and Afghanistan: Prevalence and Correlates,” Journal of Sexual Medicine 10, no. 2 (2013): 516–523.

Pitman J. O. , “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Health-Related Quality of Life in OEF/OIF Veterans,” Quality of Life Research 21, no. 1 (2012): 99–103.

Schnurr P. P. Lunney C. A. , “Work-Related Outcomes among Female Veterans and Service Members after Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Psychiatric Services 63, no. 11 (2012): 1072–1079.

Hoge C. W. , “Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Somatic Symptoms, Health Care Visits, and Absenteeism among Iraq War Veterans,” American Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 1 (2007): 150–153;.

Nazarian D. Kimerling R. Frayne S. M. , “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Substance Use Disorders and Medical Comorbidity among Returning U.S. Veterans,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 25, no. 2 (2012): 220–225.

See also Schnurr Green , supra note 6.

See Hoge , supra note 70.

Cohen B. E. , “Reproductive and Other Health Outcomes in Iraq and Afghanistan Women Veterans Using VA Health Care: Association with Mental Health Diagnoses,” Women's Health Issues 22, no. 5 (2012):461–71.

See supra note 6.

See Cohen , supra note 60.

Marshall R. P. , “Medical-Care Costs Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Vietnam Veterans,” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 6 (2000): 954–962.

Kilmer B. , “Invisible Wounds, Visible Savings? Using Microsimulation to Estimate the Costs and Savings Associated with Providing Evidence-Based Treatment for PTSD and Depression to Veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom,” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, and Policy 3, no. 2 (2011): 201–211. 77.

See supra note 76.

Tuerk P. W. , “Health Service Utilization before and after Evidence-Based Treatment for PTSD,” Psychological Services 10, no. 4 (2012): 401–409.