SiederR.SchjoldenL., and AngellA., eds., The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006): at 3.
6.
SweetA. S., Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
7.
See Sieder, supra note 5.
8.
HirschlR., Towards Juristocracy: The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004).
9.
FloodC. M. and ChenY. Y., “Charter Rights & Health Care Funding: A Typology of Canadian Health Rights Litigation,”Annals of Health Law19, no. 3 (2010): 479–526.
10.
GloppenS. and RosemanM. J., “Introduction: Can Litigation Bring Justice to Health?” in YaminA. E. and GloppenS., eds., Litigating Health Rights: Can Courts Bring More Justice to Health? (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011): At 4.
MullerF. and WehbeL., “Smoking and Smoking Cessation in Latin America: A Review of the Current Situation and Available Treatments,”International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease3, no. 2 (2008): 285–93, at 285.
13.
BollykyT. and GostinL., “The United States' Engagement in Global Tobacco Control: Proposals for Comprehensive Funding and Strategies,”JAMA304, no. 23 (2010): 2637–2638.
14.
NovotnyT. and CarlinD., “Ethical and Legal Aspects of Tobacco Control,”Tobacco Control14, Supp. 2 (2005): ii26i–i30.
15.
“It is the poorer and the poorest who tend to smoke the most. Globally, 84% of smokers live in developing and transitional economy countries.” “Tobacco and Poverty: A Vicious Circle,”Tobacco Free Initiative, World Health Organization (2004), at 3, available at <www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/wntd/2004/en/index.html> (last visited January 24, 2013).
16.
CabreraO. and GostinL., “Human Rights and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Mutually Reinforcing Systems,”International Journal of Law in Context7, no. 3 (2011): 285–303, at 286.
CabreraO. and GostinL., “Human Rights and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Mutually Reinforcing Systems,”International Journal of Law in Context7, no. 3 (2011): 285–303, at 287.
19.
CEDAW Committee, Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on Argentina, CEDAW/C/ARG/CO/6 (July 13 2010): ¶ 39–41; CESCR, Concluding Observations of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on Argentina, E/C.12/ARG/CO/3 (December 2 2011): ¶ 23.
20.
United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, December 18, 1979, available at <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cedaw.htm> (last visited January 24, 2013).
21.
CEDAW Committee, Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women on Argentina, CEDAW/C/ARG/CO/6 (July 13, 2010): ¶ 39–40.
22.
CESCR, Concluding Obser vations of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on Argentina, E/C.12/ARG/CO/3 (December 2, 2011): ¶ 7.
23.
O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Tobacco Industry Strategy in Latin American Courts – A Litigation Guide (2012), at 16.
24.
Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal, Jaime Barco Rodas contra el Artículo 3° de la ley N. 28705 – Ley general para la prevención y control de los riesgos del consumo de tabaco, unconstitutionality proceeding, July 2011. ¶ 67.
25.
Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal, Jaime Barco Rodas contra el Artículo 3° de la ley N. 28705 – Ley general para la prevención y control de los riesgos del consumo de tabaco, unconstitutionality proceeding, July 2011. ¶ 69.
26.
Constitutional Chamber of the Costa Rican Supreme Court. Request on the constitutionality of a proposed piece of legislation. Exp: 12-002657-0007-CO. Res. N° 2012–003918, March 2012.
27.
Vlaamse Liga tegen Kanker (Flemish Anti-Cancer League), et al. v. Belgium Council of Ministers, Arrêt n° 37/2011 du 15 mars 2011, Constitutional Court of Belgium (2011).
28.
CabreraO. and GostinL., “Human Rights and the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Mutually Reinforcing Systems,”International Journal of Law in Context7, no. 3 (2011): 285–303, at 286.
29.
CabreraO. and MadrazoA., “Human Rights as a Tool for Tobacco Control in Latin America,”Salud Pública de México52, Supp. 2 (2010): S288–97.
30.
Id., at S290.
31.
Id., at S292; JacobsonP. and SolimanS., “Co-Opting the Health and Human Rights Movement,”Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics30, no. 4 (2002): 705–715.
32.
See O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, supra note 23, at 11.
33.
CabreraO. and MadrazoA., “Human Rights as a Tool for Tobacco Control in Latin America,”Salud Pública de México52, Supp. 2 (2010): S288–97, at S291.
34.
Id., at S292.
35.
Id., at S294.
36.
GloppenS., “Litigation as a Strategy to Hold Governments Accountable for Implementing the Right to Health,”Health and Human Rights10, no. 2 (2008): 21–36, at 22.
37.
United Nations International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Dec. 16, 1966, available at <http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cescr.htm> (last visited January 24, 2013).
38.
ReddyK. S. and GuptaP. C., eds., Report on Tobacco Control in India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization (November 25, 2004), at 180–87, available at <http://mohfw.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/911379183TobaccocontroinIndia_10Dec04.pdf> (last visited January 24, 2013).
39.
Ramakrishnan and Others v. State of Kerala and Others, O.P. No. 24160/1998-A, Judgment of Feb. 12, 1999, ¶ 25 (Supreme Court of India) (unreported).
40.
See Reddy and Gupta, eds., supra note 38, at 180–187.
41.
Murli Deora v. Union of India and Others, W.P. No. 316/1999, Judgment of Feb. 11, 2001 (Supreme Court of India).
42.
Complaint for Clínica de Interés Público del Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Educación, Clínica de Interés Público del Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Educación v. Cámara de Senadores del Congreso de la Unión, Juzgado Primero de Distrito en Materia Administrativa en el Distrito Federal [Administrative Trial Court] (Mex.) (2008).
43.
Mexican Supreme Court of Justice, Jorge Francisco Balderas Woolrich, revised amparo 315/2010 against 1791/2008, 28/03/2011, at 8.
44.
Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal, Jaime Barco Rodas contra el Artículo 3° de la ley N. 28705 – Ley general para la prevención y control de los riesgos del consumo de tabaco, unconstitutionality proceeding, July 2011.
45.
VierdagE. W., “The Legal Nature of the Rights Granted by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,”Netherlands Yearbook of International Law9, no. 69 (1978): 69–105.
46.
MintaM., “Justiciability of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights in the Inter-American System of Protection of Human Rights: Beyond Traditional Paradigms and Notions,”Human Rights Quarterly29, no. 2 (2007): 431–459, at 431.
47.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, New York and Geneva (2005).
48.
ChristiansenE. C., “Using Constitutional Adjudication to Remedy Socio-Economic Injustice: Comparative Lessons from South Africa,”UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs13, no. 369 (2009): 371–405.
49.
GloppenS.GargarellaR., and SkaarE.Democratization and the Judiciary: The Accountability Function of Courts in New Democracies (London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2004): at 135.
50.
GloppenS., “Litigation as a Strategy to Hold Governments Accountable for Implementing the Right to Health,”Health and Human Rights10, no. 2 (2008): 21–36, at 22; HuntP., Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health, A/HRC/7/11/Add.3 (March 5, 2008).
51.
BergalloP., “Argentina. Courts and the Right to Health: Achieving Fairness Despite “Routinization” in Individual Coverage Cases?” in YaminA. E. and GloppenS., eds., Litigating Health Rights: Can Courts Bring More Justice to Health? (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011): 43–75, at 56.
52.
O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Tobacco Industry Strategy in Latin American Courts – A Litigation Guide (Georgetown Law: O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, 2012).
53.
Vlaamse Liga tegen Kanker (Flemish Anti-Cancer League), et al. v. Belgium Council of Ministers, Arrêt n° 37/2011 du 15 mars 2011, Constitutional Court of Belgium (2011).
54.
ChristiansenE. C., “Using Constitutional Adjudication to Remedy Socio-Economic Injustice: Comparative Lessons from South Africa,”UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs13, no. 369 (2009): 371–405.
55.
DennisM. and StewartD., “Justiciability of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: Should There be an International Complaints Mechanism to Adjudicate the Rights to Food, Water, Housing, and Health?”The American Journal of International Law98, no. 3 (2004): 462–515.
56.
International Commission of Jurists, Courts and the Legal Enforcement of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Comparative Experiences of Justiciability, Human Rights and Rule of Law Series No. 2 (2008): at 86.
57.
High Court of Uganda at Kampala, British American Tobacco Ltd. v. The Environmental Action Network Ltd., Civil Appl. no. 27/2003, (2003).
58.
FCTC: Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, foreword ¶ 1 (2005).
59.
Id., at preamble, ¶ 5.
60.
Id., at art. 8, ¶ 1.
61.
See Gloppen, supra note 50, at 23.
62.
FerrazO. M., “The Right to Health in the Courts of Brazil: Worsening Health Inequities?”Health and Human Rights11, no. 2 (2009): 33–46, at 40.
63.
Constitutional Court of South Africa, Soobramoney v. Minister of Health (Kwazulu-Natal) 1998 (1) SA 765 (CC), at 29.
64.
Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación [CSJN] [National Supreme Court of Justice], 1/6/2000, “Asociación Benghalensis y otros c/ Ministerio de Salud y Accion Social- Estado nacional s/amparo ley 16.986,” (A. 186. XXXIV) (Arg.).
65.
Argentine National Law No 23798, art 8: the professionals that detect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or having grounds to believe that an individual is a carrier, shall inform the character infectious-contagious of the virus, the ways and means to transmit it and their right to receive adequate assistance (unofficial translation for this article).
66.
AlwanA., ed., Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010. Chapter 4 Reducing Risks and Preventing Disease: Population-wide Interventions, World Health Organization (2011), available at <http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_report_chapter4.pdf> (last visited January 24, 2013).
67.
AsariaP., “Chronic Disease Prevention: Health Effects and Financial Costs of Strategies to Reduce Salt Intake and Control Tobacco Use,”The Lancet370, no. 9604 (2007): 2044–2053, at 2044.
68.
GLOBALink – The Online Network for Global Tobacco Control, PANacea (2012), available at <http://www.panacealink.org/globalink/> (last visited January 24, 2013).
World Health Organization, WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2009: Implementing Smoke-Free Environments, Geneva, 2009.
72.
Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal, Jaime Barco Rodas contra el Artículo 3° de la ley N. 28705 – Ley general para la prevención y control de los riesgos del consumo de tabaco, unconstitutionality proceeding, July 2011, at 41–42.
73.
See Gloppen, supra note 50.
74.
See Flood and Chen, supra note 9, at 482.
75.
Government of the Republic of South Africa and Others v. Grootboom and Others, Case No. CCT 11/00 (11) BCLR 1169 (2000).
76.
Minister of Health and Others v. Treatment Action Campaign and Others. Case No. CCT 8/02 (10) BCLR 1033 (2002).
77.
GloppenS., Social Rights Litigation as Transformation: South African Perspectives, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Working Paper (2005) available at <http://www.cmi.no/publications/2005/wp/wp2005-3.pdf> (last visited January 24, 2013).
MbaziraC., “Non-Implementation of Court Orders in Socio-Economic Rights Litigation in South Africa: Is the Cancer Here to Stay?”ESR Rights Review9, no. 4 (2008): 2–7, at 2.
80.
Minister for Justice and Constitutional Development v. Nyathi and Others (CCT 53/09) (2009).
81.
Supreme Court of Argentina (2006), “Mendoza, Beatriz S. y otros c. Estado Nacional y otros”.
82.
MæstadO.RaknerL., and FerrazO. M., “Assessing the Impact of Health Rights Litigation: A Comparative Analysis of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, India and South Africa,” in YaminA. E. and GloppenS., eds., Litigating Health Rights: Can Courts Bring More Justice to Health? (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011): 273–303, at 283.
83.
Murli Deora v. Union of India and Others, W.P. No. 316/1999, Judgment of Feb. 11, 2001 (Supreme Court of India).
84.
The tobacco control laws approved at a state level were the Assam Prohibition of Smoking and non-Smokers Health Protection Bill (1999) and the West Bengal Prohibition of Smoking and Spitting and Protection of Health of non-Smokers and Minors Bill (2001).
85.
ReddyK. S. and GuptaP. C., eds., Report on Tobacco Control in India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization (November 25, 2004): 180–87, available at <http://mohfw.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/911379183TobaccocontroinIndia_10Dec04.pdf> (last visited January 24, 2013).
Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal. Jaime Barco Rodas contra el Artículo 3° de la ley N. 28705 – Ley general para la prevención y control de los riesgos del consumo de tabaco, unconstitutionality proceeding, July 2011, at 81.
88.
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Guatemala (2009), Docket No. 2158, Corte de Constitucionalidad [CC][Constitutional Court] (Guat.), at V. (unofficial translation for this paper).
89.
Mexican Supreme Court of Justice, Jorge Francisco Balderas Woolrich, revised amparo 315/2010 against 1791/2008, 28/03/2011.
90.
MejoradaSanchez C., The Writ of Amparo, 243 Essential Human Rights 107 (1946).
91.
Mexican Supreme Court of Justice, Jorge Francisco Balderas Woolrich, revised amparo 315/2010 against 1791/2008, 28/03/2011, pg. 43.
92.
Mexican Supreme Court of Justice, Jorge Francisco Balderas Woolrich, revised amparo 315/2010 against 1791/2008, 28/03/2011, pg. 33 (unofficial translation for this paper).
93.
MorenoArroyo J., “La fórmula de Otero y el amparo contra leyes,” in Jurídica. Anuario del Departamento de Derecho de la Universidad Iberoamericana 1990–1991, Número 20, 1990, available at <http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/publica/librev/rev/jurid/cont/20/pr/pr25.pdf> (last visited January 24, 2013).
94.
National Decree amending articles 94, 103, 104 y 107 of Mexican National Constitution, June 6, 2011.
95.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, The Nature of States Parties' Obligations (Art. 2, par.1), General Comment 3 (December 14, 1990), at 9.
96.
Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal, Jaime Barco Rodas contra el Artículo 3° de la ley N. 28705 – Ley general para la prevención y control de los riesgos del consumo de tabaco, unconstitutionality proceeding, July 2011, at 148 (unofficial translation for this article).
97.
Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal, Jose Luis Correa Condori, EXP. N.° 2016–2004-AA/TC, October 2004, at 11 (unofficial translation for this article).
98.
Peruvian Constitutional Tribunal, R.J.S.A. Vda. de R., EXPN.° 3081–2007-PA/TC, November 2007, at 21–28.
The Joint Action and Learning Initiative on National and Global Responsibilities for Health (JALI) has been formed to investigate and forge consensus around answers to fundamental questions about countries' responsibilities to improve the health of their own populations and the health of the world's population, especially disadvantaged individuals and communities. JALI's central goal is to have these responsibilities, and governance structures that can effectively realize these responsibilities, form the basis of the post-Millennium Development Goals global health framework, possibly through a Framework Convention on Global Health. GostinL., “National and Global Responsibilities for Health,”Bulletin of the World Health Organization, no. 88(2010): 719–719A.