Anterior shoulder instability in the elite athlete is a common problem. To prevent unnecessary time away from sport, it is imperative that the correct decisions and interventions are taken at the appropriate times. The last decade has seen a change in our perceptions of the surgical options for this type of patient, especially those with bony deficiencies. We now have a better understanding of the pathology, the surgical options and their outcomes and the natural history of both the condition and surgery.
HobbyJ, GriffinD, DunbarM, BoileauP. Is arthroscopic surgery for stabilisation of chronic shoulder instability as effective as open surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis of 62 studies including 3044 arthroscopic operations. J Bone Joint Surg Br2007; 89: 1188–96.
2.
BurkhartSS, De BeerJF, BarthJR,. Results of modified Latarjet reconstruction in patients with anteroinferior instability and significant bone loss. Arthroscopy2007; 23: 1033–41.
3.
HeadeyJ, BrooksJH, KempSP. The epidemiology of shoulder injuries in English professional rugby union. Am J Sports Med2007; 35: 1537–43.
4.
EdwardsTB, BoulahiaA, WalchG. Radiographic analysis of bone defects in chronic anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy2003; 19: 732–9.
5.
GriffithJF, AntonioGE, TongCW, MingCK. Anterior shoulder dislocation: quantification of glenoid bone loss with CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol2003; 180: 1423–30.
6.
SugayaH, MoriishiJ, DohiM, KonY, TsuchiyaA. Glenoid rim morphology in recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am2003; 85: 878–84.
7.
NeviaserTJ. The anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion lesion: a cause of anterior instability of the shoulder. Arthroscopy1993; 9: 17–21.
8.
JankauskasL, RudigerHA, PfirrmannCW, JostB, GerberC. Loss of the sclerotic line of the glenoid on anteroposterior radiographs of the shoulder: a diagnostic sign for an osseous defect of the anterior glenoid rim. J Shoulder Elbow Surg2010; 19: 151–6.
9.
StevensKJ, PrestonBJ, WallaceWA, KerslakeRW. CT imaging and three-dimensional reconstructions of shoulders with anterior glenohumeral instability. Clin Anat1999; 12: 326–36.
10.
GriffithJF, AntonioGE, YungPS,. Prevalence, pattern, and spectrum of glenoid bone loss in anterior shoulder dislocation: CT analysis of 218 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol2008; 190: 1247–54.
11.
BaudiP, RighiP, BolognesiD. How to identify and calculate glenoid bone deficit. Chir Organi Mov2005; 90: 145–52.
12.
HuysmansPE, HaenPS, KiddM, DhertWJ, WillemsJW. The shape of the inferior part of the glenoid: a cadaveric study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg2006; 15: 759–63.
13.
HuijsmansPE, HaenPS, KiddM,. Quantification of a glenoid defect with three-dimensional computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: a cadaveric study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg2007; 16: 803–9.
14.
BarchilonVS, KotzE, Barchilon Ben-AvM, GlazerE, NyskaM. A simple method for quantitative evaluation of the missing area of the anterior glenoid in anterior instability of the glenohumeral joint. Skeletal Radiol2008; 37: 731–6.
15.
ChuangTY, AdamsCR, BurkhartSS. Use of preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography to quantify glenoid bone loss in shoulder instability. Arthroscopy2008; 24: 376–82.
16.
DiederichsG, SeimH, MeyerH,. CT-based patient-specific modeling of glenoid rim defects: a feasibility study. AJR Am J Roentgenol2008; 191: 1406–11.
17.
MagarelliN, MilanoG, SergioP,. Intra-observer and interobserver reliability of the ‘Pico’ computed tomography method for quantification of glenoid bone defect in anterior shoulder instability. Skeletal Radiol2009; 38: 1071–5.
18.
BurkhartSS, DebeerJF, TehranyAM, PartenPM. Quantifying glenoid bone loss arthroscopically in shoulder instability. Arthroscopy2002; 18: 488–91.
19.
BurkhartSS, De BeerJF. Traumatic glenohumeral bone defects and their relationship to failure of arthroscopic Bankart repairs: significance of the inverted-pear glenoid and the humeral engaging Hill–Sachs lesion. Arthroscopy2000; 16: 677–94.
20.
LoIK, PartenPM, BurkhartSS. The inverted pear glenoid: an indicator of significant glenoid bone loss. Arthroscopy2004; 20: 169–74.
21.
GriffithJF, YungPS, AntonioGE,. CT compared with arthroscopy in quantifying glenoid bone loss. AJR Am J Roentgenol2007; 189: 1490–3.
22.
ProvencherMT, DetterlineAJ, GhodadraN,. Measurement of glenoid bone loss: a comparison of measurement error between 45 degrees and 0 degrees bone loss models and with different posterior arthroscopy portal locations. Am J Sports Med.2008; 36: 1132–8.
23.
SaitoH, ItoiE, SugayaH,. Location of the glenoid defect in shoulders with recurrent anterior dislocation. Am J Sports Med2005; 33: 889–93.
24.
ItoiE, LeeSB, BerglundLJ, BergeLL, AnKN. The effect of a glenoid defect on anteroinferior stability of the shoulder after Bankart repair: a cadaveric study. J Bone Joint Surg Am2000; 82: 35–46.
25.
YamamotoN, ItoiE, AbeH,. Effect of an anterior glenoid defect on anterior shoulder stability: a cadaveric study. Am J Sports Med2009; 37: 949–54.
26.
MontgomeryWHJr, WahlM, HettrichC,. Anteroinferior bone-grafting can restore stability in osseous glenoid defects. J Bone Joint Surg Am2005; 87: 1972–7.
27.
YamamotoN, ItoiE, AbeH,. Contact between the glenoid and the humeral head in abduction, external rotation, and horizontal extension: a new concept of glenoid track. J Shoulder Elbow Surg2007; 16: 649–56.
28.
BalgF, BoileauP. The instability severity index score. A simple pre-operative score to select patients for arthroscopic or open shoulder stabilisation. J Bone Joint Surg Br2007; 89: 1470–7.
29.
MologneTS, ProvencherMT, MenzelKA, VachonTA, DewingCB. Arthroscopic stabilization in patients with an inverted pear glenoid: results in patients with bone loss of the anterior glenoid. Am J Sports Med2007; 35: 1276–83.
PagnaniMJ. Open capsular repair without bone block for recurrent anterior shoulder instability in patients with and without bony defects of the glenoid and/or humeral head. Am J Sports Med2008; 36: 1805–12.
32.
LatarjetM. [Treatment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder.]Lyon Chir1954; 49: 994–7.
33.
De BeerJFBS, RobertsCP, van RooyenK, CresswellT, du ToitDF. The Congruent-Arc Latarjet. Tech. Shoulder Elbow Surg.2009; 10: 62–7.
34.
GhodadraNGA, ShewmanE, GoldsteinJ. Normalization of glenohumeral articular contact pressures after either Latarjet or Iliac crest bone grafting procedure: impact of graft type, position, and coracoid orientation. J Bone Joint Surg Am2009; 25:e7.
35.
LafosseL, LejeuneE, BouchardA, The arthroscopic Latarjet procedure for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability. Arthroscopy2007; 23:1242e1–e5.
36.
AllainJ, GoutallierD, GlorionC. Long-term results of the Latarjet procedure for the treatment of anterior instability of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am1998; 80: 841–52.
