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Knoppers B. M. , “Genetic Information and the Family: Are We Our Brother's Keeper?” Trends in Biotechology 20, no. 2 (2002): 85–86, at 86.

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National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Research Council, Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee, National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research , March 2007, at 44.

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Id., at 22.

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Id., at 41.

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See American Medical Association, supra note 1.

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See National Health and Medical Research Council, Privacy, supra note 2.

See Nuffield Council on Bioethics, supra note 2, at 31.

American Society of Human Genetics, Social Issues Subcommittee on Familial Disclosure, “Professional Disclosure of Familial Genetic Information,” American Journal of Human Genetics 62, no. 2 (1998): 474–483, at 474.

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Id., at 7.

See National Health and Medical Research Council, supra note 2.

See Renegar , supra note 13, at 31.

See National Health and Medical Research Council, supra note 2, at 8; Canadian Institutes of Health Research, supra note 5, at 183; German Society of Human Genetics, supra note 25, at 6; Japan, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, supra note 7, at 21; Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Genetic Screening: Ethical Issues , December 1993, at 41.

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See American Society of Human Genetics, supra note 23.

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See Canadian Institutes of Health Research, supra note 5, at 34.

Id., at 183.

Id.

See American Medical Association, supra note 1.

See National Health and Medical Research Council, supra note 2, at 8; Canadian Institutes of Health Research, supra note 5, at 183; Japan, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, supra note 7, at 22; Medical Research Council, supra note 9.

Fernandez C. V. Kodish E. Weijer C. , “Informing Study Participants of Research Results: An Ethical Imperative,” IRB: Ethics and Human Research 25, no. 3 (2003): 12–19, at 14.

Kollek R. Petersen I. , “Disclosure of Individual Research Results in Clinico-genomic Trials: Challenges, Classification and Criteria for Decision-Making,” Journal of Medical Ethics 37, no. 5 (2011): 271–275.

See American Society of Human Genetics, supra note 23.

See Medical Research Council, supra note 9.

Wilson B. J. Forrest K. van Teijlingen E. R. , “Family Communication about Genetic Risk: The Little That Is Known,” Community Genetics 7, no. 7 (2004): 15–24, at 19.

Boddington P. , “Relative Responsibilities: Is There an Obligation to Discuss Genomics Research Participation with Family Members?” Public Health Genomics 13, no. 7–8 (2010): 504–513, at 511.

Id., at 510.

Id., at 512.

See Canadian Institutes of Health Research, supra, note 5, at 196.

Knoppers B. M. Joly Y. Simard J. Durocher F. , “The Emergence of an Ethical Duty to Disclose Genetic Research Results: International Perspectives,” European Journal of Human Genetics 14, no. 11 (2006): 1170–1178.

World Health Organization, Guidelines on Ethical Issues in Medical Genetics and the Provision of Genetic Services , 1997, available at <http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1995/WHO_HDP_GL_ETH_95.1_(part1).pdf> (last visited August 18, 2011).