RamosE.RotimiC., “The A's, G's C's, and T's of Health Disparities,”BMC Medical Genomics2, no. 29 (2009): 1–7.
2.
AgyemangC., “Negro, Black, Black African, African Caribbean, African American or What? Labeling African Origin Populations in the Health Arena in the 21st Century,”Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health59, no. 12 (2005): 1014–1018
3.
CaulfieldT., “Race and Ancestry in Biomedical Research: Exploring the Challenges,”Genome Medicine1, no. 8 (2009): 8.1–8.8
4.
CooperR. S., “Race and Genomics,”New England Journal of Medicine348, no. 12 (2003): 1166–1170;.
5.
KoeingB.LeeS. S. J.RichardsonS., eds., Revisiting Race in a Genomic Age (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2008)
6.
TayoB. O., “Genetic Background of Patients from a University Medical Center in Manhattan: Implications for Personalized Medicine,”PLoS ONE6, no. 5 (2011): E19166.
7.
BraunL., “Racial Categories in Medical Practice: How Useful Are They?”PLoS Medicine4, no. 9 (2007): 1423–1428
8.
KahnJ., “Genes, Race, and Population: Avoiding a Collision of Categories,”American Journal of Public Health96, no. 11 (2006): 1965–1970
9.
ShieldsA. E., “The Use of Race Variables in Genetic Studies of Complex Traits and the Goal of Reducing Health Disparities a Transdisciplinary Perspective,”American Psychologist60, no. 1 (2005): 77–103.
10.
FullertonS. M., “Population Description and Its Role in the Interpretation of Genetic Association,”Human Genetics127, no. 5 (2010): 5563–5572
11.
GravleeC. C., “How Race Becomes Biology: Embodiment of Social Inequality,”American Journal of Physical Anthropology139, no. 1 (2009): 47–57.
12.
NeedA. C.GoldsteinD., “Next Generation Disparities in Human Genomics: Concerns and Remedies,”Trends in Genetics25, no. 11 (2009): 489–494.
13.
GravleeC. C., “Genetic Ancestry, Social Classification, and Racial Inequalities in Blood Pressure in Southeastern Puerto Rico,”PLoS ONE4, no. 9 (2009): E6821.
14.
National Institutes of Health, “NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research – Amended, October, 2001,” at Section II, Paragraph A
Extramural research is research supported by NIH through a grant, contract, or cooperative agreement. Intramural research is research conducted in U.S. government laboratories headed by NIH-employed scientists.
17.
“Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity,”Office of Management and Budget, available at <http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards> (last visited May 17, 2011).
EpsteinS., Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007).
21.
See Braun, supra note 3
22.
HuntL. M.MegyesiM. S., “Genes, Race and Research Ethics: Who's Minding the Store?”Journal of Medical Ethics34, no. 6 (2008): 495–500.
23.
See Epstein, supra note 12
24.
Corbie-SmithG., “Investigators' Assessment of NIH Mandated Inclusion of Women and Minorities in Research,”Contemporary Clinical Trials27, no. 6 (2006): 571–579
25.
TaylorH. A., “Inclusion of Women, Minorities and Children in Clinical Trials: Opinions of Research Ethics Board Administrators,”Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics4, no. 2 (2009): 65–73
26.
TaylorH. A., “Implementation of NIH Inclusion Guidelines: Survey of NIH Study Section Members,”Clinical Trials5, no. 2 (2008): 140–146.
27.
See HuntMegyesi, supra note 13
28.
HuntL. M.MegyesiM. S., “The Ambiguous Meanings of the Racial/Ethnic Categories Routinely Used in Human Genetics Research,”Social Science and Medicine66, no. 2 (2008): 349–361
29.
Corbie-SmithG., “Conceptualizing Race in Research,”Journal of the National Medical Association100, no. 10 (2008): 1235–1243
30.
LeeC., “‘Race’ and ‘Ethnicity’ in Biomedical Research: How Scientists Construct and Explain Differences in Health,”Social Science and Medicine68, no. 6 (2009): 1183–1190.
31.
DenzinN. K.LincolnY. S., The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc, 2005).
32.
HagaS., “Impact of Limited Population Diversity of Genome-Wide Association Studies,”Genetics in Medicine12, no. 2 (2010): 81–84.
33.
SmartA., “Social Inclusivity vs. Analytical Acuity? A Qualitative Study of UK Scientists Regarding the Inclusion of Minority Ethnic Groups in Biobanks,”Medical Law International9, no. 2 (2008): 169–190.
34.
See Braun. and Kahn, supra note 3.
35.
EllisonG. T. H., “Racial Categories in Medicine: A Failure of Evidence-Based Practice?”PLoS Medicine4, no. 9 (2007): 1434–1436
36.
OutramS. M.EllisonG. T. H., “Anthropological Insights into the Use of Race/Ethnicity to Explore Genetic Contributions to Disparities in Health,”Journal of Biosocial Science38, no. 1 (2006): 83–102
37.
SankarP.ChoM. K., “Genetics: Toward a New Vocabulary of Human Genetic Variation,”Science298, no. 5597 (2002): 1337–1338.