The Hippocratic Bargain and Health Information Technology

“Oath of Hippocrates,” reprinted in Reich W. T. , ed., Encyclopedia of Bioethics, rev. ed., vol. 5 (New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1995): At Appendix, p. 2632.

Miles S. H. , The Hippocratic Oath and the Ethics of Medicine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004): at 149.

American Medical Association, Code of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association 2008–2009 ed. § 5.051 – Confidentiality of Medical Information Postmortem, American Medical Association, Chicago, 2008, at 165.

See Miles , supra note 2, at 150.

Id., at 151.

Higgins G. , “The History of Confidentiality in Medicine: The Physician-Patient Relationship,” Canadian Family Physician 35 (April 1989): 921–926; Moskop J. , “From Hippocrates to HIPAA: Privacy and Confidentiality in Emergency Medicine – Part I: Conceptual, Moral, and Legal Foundations,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 45, no. 1 (2005): 53–59; Slowther A. Kleinman I. , “Confidentiality,” in Singer P. A. Viens A. M. , eds., The Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008): At 45; Winslade W. J. , “Confidentiality,” in Reich W. T. , ed., Encyclopedia of Bioethics, rev. ed., vol. 1 (New York: Simon & Schuster McMillan, 1995): At 453.

Gellman R. M. , “Prescribing Privacy: The Uncertain Role of the Physician in the Protection of Patient Privacy,” North Carolina Law Review 62, no. 2 (1984): 255–294.

Rothstein M. A. Talbott M. K. , “Compelled Disclosure of Health Information: Protecting Against the Greatest Potential Threat to Privacy,” JAMA 295, no. 24 (2006): 2882–2885.

Rothstein M. A. Talbott M. K. , “Compelled Authorizations for Disclosure of Health Records: Magnitude and Implications,” American Journal of Bioethics 7, no. 3 (2007): 38–45.

Siegler M. , “Confidentiality in Medicine – A Decrepit Concept,” New England Journal of Medicine 307, no. 24 (1982): 1518–1521.

Id., at 1520–1521.

Rothstein M. A. , “Health Privacy in the Electronic Age,” Journal of Legal Medicine 28, no. 4 (2007): 487–501.

National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, Letter to Leavitt Michael O. , Secretary of Health of Human Services, June 21, 2007, available at <www.ncvhs.hhs.gov/070621lt2.pdf> (last visited December 11, 2009).

42 U.S.C. § 290ee-3 (2008).

See 42 C.F.R. Part 2 (2008).

Harris Interactive, “Many U.S. Adults Are Satisfied with Use of Their Personal Health Information: Substantial Minority Still Withhold Information from Health Providers Due to Worries About Security of Medical Data,” March 27, 2007, available at <www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=743> (last visited December 11, 2009).

Department of Health and Human Services, Health Insurance Reform: Security Standards, 68 Federal Register 8334, 8335 (February 20, 2003); Hodge J. G. Jr. , “Identifiable Health Information and the Public's Health: Practice, Research and Policy,” in Goodman R. A. , eds., Law in Public Health Practice, 2d ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007): 238–261, at 246.

See, e.g., Barnum J. F. , “The Misinformation Era: The Fall of the Medical Record,” Annals of Internal Medicine 110, no. 6 (1989): 482–484; Beers M. H. Munekata M. , and Storrie M. , “The Accuracy of Medication Histories in the Hospital Medical Records of Elderly Persons,” Journal of the American Geriatric Society 38, no. 11 (1990): 1183–1187; Romm F. J. Putnam S. M. , “The Validity of the Medical Record,” Medical Care 19, no. 3 (1981): 310–315.

See Rothstein , supra note 12, at 492–493.

National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, Letter to Leavittt Michael O. , Secretary of Health and Human Services, June 20, 2008, available at <www.ncvhs.hhs.gov/080220lt.pdf> (last visited December 11, 2009).

Id.

Pritts J. Connor K. , The Implementaion of E-Consent Mechanisms in Three Countries: Canada, England, and the Netherlands (The Ability to Mask or Limit Access to Health Data), 2007, available at <http://ihcrp.georgetown.edu/pdf/prittse-consent.pdf> (last visited August 10, 2009).

Chalmers J. Muir R. , “Patient Privacy and Confidentiality,” British Medical Journal 326, no. 7392 (2003): 725–726, at 726.

45 C.F.R. § 164.502(b) (2008).

See Hasday L. , “The Hippocratic Oath as Literary Text: A Dialog between Law and Medicine,” Yale Journal of Health Policy and Ethics 2, no. 2 (2002): 299–323.