Combining Instrumental and Contextual Approaches: Nanotechnology and Sustainable Development

Invernizzi N. , “The Role of Nanotechnologies in Development and Poverty Alleviation: A Matter of Controversy,” AZojono: Journal of Nanotechnology Online, available at <http://www.azonano.com/Details.asp?ArticleID=2041> (last visited September 3, 2009).

See Burgi B. R. Pradeep T. , “Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Developing Countries,” Current Science 90, no. 5 (2006): 645–658, at 645–646.

The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering, Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties , July 29, 2004, available at <http://www.nanotech.org/uk/report/Nano%20report%202004%20fin.pdf> (last visited February 8, 2009).

Maynard A. D. , “Nanotechnology: The Next Big Thing, or Much Ado about Nothing?” Annals of Occupational Hygiene 51, no. 1 (2006): 1–12, at 3.

See Schummer J. , “The Impact of Nanotechnologies on Developing Countries,” in Allhof F. Lin P. Moor J. Weckert J. , eds., Nanoethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Nanotechnology (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007): at 292.

See Jordans F. , “Experts Differ on Definition of Developing Country,” International Herald Tribune, October 16, 2006 (arguing that the issue is not as much political as it is economic).

Human Development Report Office, Human Development Reports: Frequently Asked Questions, available at <http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_FAQs.pdf> (last visited February 8, 2009).

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Id.; United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States, United Nations, “List of Least Developed Countries,” available at <http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ldc/list.htm> (last visited February 8, 2009).

Garrett L. , “The Challenge of Global Health,” Foreign Affairs 86 (January/February 2007), available at <http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070101faessay86103/laurie-garrett/the-challenge-of-global-health.html?mode=print> (last visited September 3, 2009).

Id.; Cohen J. , “The New World of Global Health,” Science 311, no. 5758 (2006): 162–167, at 162 (arguing that despite ambitious efforts to assist the developing world, wealthy countries are confronting their own limitations).

See Garrett , supra note 18.

Id. (arguing that aid efforts should focus less on particular diseases than on broad measures that affect general public health).

Id. See Cohen , supra note 21, at 166 (explaining that country mismanagement and corruption are preventing medicine from being delivered quickly to the poor).

See Garrett , supra note 18.

Id. (pointing out that 604 out of 871 medical officers trained in Ghana between 1993 and 2002 no longer practice in the country).

Froese A. , “Anesthesia and the Role of Short-Term Service Delivery in Developing Countries,” Canadian Journal of Anesthesia 54, no. 11 (2007): 940–946, at 946.

See Garrett , supra note 18.

See Maclurcan D. C. , “Nanotechnology and Developing Countries: Part 2: What Realities?” AZojono: Journal of Nanotechnology Online, available at <http://www.azonano.com/Details.asp?ArticleID=1429> (last visited September 3, 2009).

Salamanca-Buentello F. , “Nanotechnology and the Developing World,” PLoS Medicine 2, no. 5 (2005): 0383–0384, at 0383.

See The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering, supra note 4.

Id. See generally Chen X. Schluesener H. J. , “Nanosilver: A Nanoproduct in Medical Application,” Toxicology Letters 176, no. 1 (2007): at 1.

See The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering, supra note 4.

See Salamanca-Buentello , supra note 34, at 0383.

Id.; United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report , 2008, available at <http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2008highlevel/pdf/newsroom/mdg%20reports/MDG_Report_2008_ENGLISH.pdf> (last visited September 3, 2009). The Millennium Goals are goals that the United Nations has set agreed to achieve by 2015. These include reducing child mortality rates and fighting AIDS. Id.

See Salamanca-Buentello , supra note 34, at 0383.

See Invernizzi , supra note 1.

Id.; Tegart G. , “Nanotechnology: The Technology for the Twenty-First Century,” Foresight 6, no. 6 (2004): 364–370, at 364.

See Invernizzi , supra note 1.

See ETC Group, The Big Down: Atomtech: Technologies Converging at the Nano-Scale , 2003, available at <http://www.etcgroup.org/upload/publication/171/01/thebigdown.pdf> (last visited September 3, 2009).

See Invernizzi , supra note 1.

See ETC Group, Down on the Farm: The Impact of Nano-Scale Technologies on Food and Agriculture , November 2004, available at <http://www.etcgroup.org/en/materials/publications.html?pub_id=80> (last visited September 3, 2009) (“Based on current trends, atomscale technologies will further concentrate economic power in the hands of giant multinational corporations.”)

See Invernizzi , supra note 1.

See United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, The Ethics and Politics of Nanotechnology , 2006, available at <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145951e.pdf> (last visited February September 3, 2009) (arguing that nanotechnology can contribute to greater inequalities within nations than among nations).

See Invernizzi , supra note 1.

Id. (describing how benefits of technology transfer arise in a mechanical, deterministic way).

See Institute Meridian , Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk: Closing the Gaps Within and Between Sectors of Society , January 2005, available at <http://www.meridian-nano.org/gdnp/NanoandPoor-NoGraphics.pdf> (last visited September 3, 2009).

Id. (advocating “upstream engagement” to get stakeholders to participate in the dialogue on technological development early on).

See Invernizzi , supra note 1.

See generally Aghion P. Bolton P. , “A Theory of Trickle-Down Growth and Development,” Review of Economic Studies 64, no. 2 (1997): 151–172.

ETC Group, The Potential Impacts of Nano-Scale Technologies on Commodity Markets: The Implications for Commodity Dependent Developing Countries , November 2005, available at <http://www.southcentre.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=267&Itemid=67> (last visited February 8, 2009).

See Invernizzi , supra note 1.

Hussam A. Munir A. K. M. , “A Simple and Effective Arsenic Filter Based on Composite Iron Matrix: Development and Deployment Studies for Groundwater of Bangladesh,” Journal of Environmental Science and Health 42, no. 17 (2007): 1869–1978, at 1869.

Flores A. , Case Study: Arsenic in the Groundwater of Bangladesh , Massachusetts Institute of Technology D-Lab, available at <http://web.mit.edu/d-lab/DlabIII06/bangladesh-filter-study.pdf> (last visited February 8, 2009).

University of Cincinnati, “Environmental Engineer Works to Resolve Arsenic Poisoning in Bangladesh Water Supplies,” Science Daily, available at <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2002/02/020207075754.htm> (last visited September 3, 2009).

See Flores , supra note 76.

Bank World , Bangladesh: Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project , June 2006, available at <http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/07/24/000020953_20070724113908/Rendered/PDF/ICR28.pdf> (last visited February 8, 2009).

See Flores , supra note 76.

Pearce F. , “Bangladesh's Arsenic Poisoning: Who Is to Blame?” UNESCO, available at <http://www.unesco.org/courier/2001_01/uk/planet.htm> (last visited September 3, 2009).

Connor S. Pearce F. , “British Geological Survey Under Fire,” SOS-arsenic.net, available at <http://www.sos-arsenic.net/english/arsenicmap/bgsunderfire.html> (last visited February 8, 2009).

See Flores , supra note 76.

Zaman A. , “Poison in the Well,” New Internationalist, March 2001, available at <http://www.newint.org/issue332/poison.htm> (last visited September 3, 2009).

See Flores , supra note 76.

See Zaman , supra note 89 (describing how workers at a community hospital were accused of attempting to create public panic when they contacted agencies about the poisoning).

See Smith A. H. , “Contamination of Drinking-Water by Arsenic in Bangladesh: A Public Health Emergency,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78, no. 9 (2000): 1093–1103, at 1100.

See Burgi Pradeep , supra note 2, at 655.

See Smith , supra note 96, (arguing that a single visit to the village will not change the villagers' behavior).

See Garrett , supra note 18 (describing country mismanagement and outright corruption in Ukraine and Uganda).

See Flores , supra note 76.

See Hussam Munir , supra note 73.

Thomas J. , “Arsenic Filter for Water Offers Hope to Millions,” U.S. Department of State, available at <http://www.america.gov/st/foraid-english/2008/June/20080608151007xjyrreP0.2713892.html> (last visited September 3, 2009).

See Hussam Munir , supra note 73.

Id., at 1875.

Id., at 1877.

Id., at 1876.

Prahalad C. K. , The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty Through Profits (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2004): at 3.

Id. at 10.

See id.

See id., at 4 (calling for the collaboration between “the poor, civil society organizations, governments, and large firms”); Hart S. L. , Capitalism at the Crossroads: Aligning Business, Earth, and Humanity (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2004): At 195 (arguing that companies must treat the poor as partners and colleagues in order to succeed in an increasingly globalized market).

Id. (Hart), at 195 (emphasizing the importance of understanding needs and aspirations of local inhabitants).

See Hussam Munir , supra note 73, at 1877.

See ETC Group, supra note 69.

Hart S. L. London T. , “Developing Native Capability: What Multinational Corporations Can Learn from the Base of the Pyramid,” Stanford Social Innovation Review 3, no. 2 (2005): 28–33, at 30.

See, e.g., The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering, supra note 4.

See Schummer , supra note 11, at 294 (arguing that locals could become guinea pigs for risky technologies because of weak regulations in developing countries).

See Garrett , supra note 18.

But see id. (pointing out that important players are stepping on each other's toes, creating “architectural indigestion”).

Hussam A. , “Arsenic Filters for Groundwater in Bangladesh: Toward a Sustainable Solution,” The Bridge 38, no. 3 (2008), available at <http://www.nae.edu/Publications/TheBridge/Archives/V38N2/ArsenicFiltersforGroundwater-inBangladeshTowardaSustainableSolution7722.aspx> (last visited September 3, 2009).