Problem Formulation and Option Assessment (PFOA) Linking Governance and Environmental Risk Assessment for Technologies: A Methodology for Problem Analysis of Nanotechnologies and Genetically Engineered Organisms

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Modified for nanotechnology, based on the PFOA methodology presented in Nelson K. C. Banker M. J. , “Problem Formulation and Option Assessment Handbook: Science-Guided MultiStakeholder Deliberation,” in Ecological Risk Assessment of Genetically Engineered Organisms, GMO-ERA Project, 2007, and applied to Bt corn in Kenya, Bt cotton in Brazil and Vietnam, and genetically engineered fish in multiple countries. The methodology was refined over time through workshops with scientists, managers, and government decision makers. See Nelson K. C. Kibata G. Muhammad L. Okuro J. O. Muyekho F. Odindo M. Ely A. Waquil J. , “Problem Formulation and Options Assessment (PFOA) for Genetically Modified Organisms: The Kenya Case Study,” in Hilbeck A. Andow D. A. , eds., Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms, Vol. 1: A Case Study of Bt Maize in Kenya (Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, 2004): At 57–82; Capalbo D. M. F. Simon M. F. Nodari R. O. Valle S. dos Santos R. F. Coradin L. de O. Duarte J. Miranda J. E. Dias E. P. F. Quyen L. Q. Underwood D. Nelson K. C. , “Consideration of Problem Formulation and Option Assessment for Bt Cotton In Brazil,” in Hilbeck A. Andow D. A. Fontes E. M. G. , eds., Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms , Vol. 2: Methodologies for Assessing Bt Cotton in Brazil (Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, 2006): At 67–92; Nelson K. C. Basiao Z. Cooper A. Dey M. Hernandez M. L. Kunawasen S. Li S. Fonticiella D. Ratner B. D. Toledo M. I. Leelapatra W. , “Problem Formulation and Options Assessment (PFOA): Science-Guided Deliberation in Ecological Risk Assessment of Transgenic Fish,” in Kapuscinski A. Li S. Hayes K. Dana G. , eds., Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms: Methodologies for Transgenic Fish (London: CABI Publications, 2007): At 29–60; Nguyen V. U. Phan V. C. Nguyen V. B. Nhan H. T. Quyen L. Q. Hong N. X. Sat L. M. Wals A. Capalbo D. M. F. Nelson K. C. , “Consideration of Problem Formulation and Option Assessment (PFOA) for Environmental Risk Assessment: Bt cotton in Vietnam,” in Andow D. Hilbeck A. Tuat N. V. , eds., Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms: Challenges and Opportunities with Bt Cotton in Viet Nam (London: CABI Publications, 2008): at 64–78.

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See supra note 44.

See Susskind , supra note 13.

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See Nelson Banker , supra note 25.

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