Collaborated Death: An Exploration of the Swiss Model of Assisted Suicide for Its Potential to Enhance Oversight and Demedicalize the Dying Process

Lavi S. J. , The Modern Art of Dying (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2005): At 5–6, 29, 45; Hoefler J. M. Kamoie B. E. , Deathright (Colorado: Westview Press, Inc., 1994): At 10, 16; Ariès P. , The Hour of Our Death, trans. Weaver Helen (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991): At 19, 559–60, 613.

See Lavi , supra note 1, at 11, 15; Capron A. M. , “Legalizing Physician-Aided Death,” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 5, no. 1 (1996): 10–23, at 11; Hillyard D. Dombrink J. , Dying Right: The Death with Dignity Movement (New York: Routledge, 2001): At 5–6, 257; Hoefler Kamoie , supra note 1, at 10, 15, 46; Ariès , supra note 1, at 15, 19, 45; Nuland S. B. , How We Die (New York: Knopf, Inc., 1994): At 254; Ziegler S. J. , Prosecutors, Palliative Medicine, and Physician-Assisted Death: An Empirical Assessment of the Likelihood of Prosecution Stemming from Opioid and Non-Opioid Administrations (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Washington State University (2003)); see also, van der Heide A. Deliens L. Faisst K. Nilstun T. Norup M. Paci E. van der Wal G. van der Maas P. J. , “End-of-Life Decision-making in Six European Countries: Descriptive Study,” The Lancet 362, no. 9381 (2003): 345–50, at 345.

Hoefler Kamoie , supra note 1, at 47, 77–79, 81–82; Thynne K. , “Implications of Legalising Euthanasia in the Netherlands: Greater Regulatory Control?,” Journal of Law and Medicine 10, no. 2 (2002): 232–238, at 236 (citing Hassan, 1996); Stajduhar K.I. Davies B. , “Death at Home: Challenges for Families and Directions for the Future,” Journal of Palliative Care 14, no. 3 (1998): 8–14; Illich I. , Medical Nemesis (New York: Random House, 1976): At 190, 198, 204.

See Capron , supra note 2, at 11; Hillyard Dombrink , supra note 2, at 16; Field D. , “Palliative Medicine and the Medicalization of Death,” European Journal of Cancer Care 3, no. 2 (1994): 58–62; Hoefler Kamoie , supra note 1, at 10, 15, 47; Conrad P. , The Medicalization of Society (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007); Fox R. C. , “The Medicalization and Demedicalization of American Society,” Daedalus 106, no. 1 (1977): 9–22; Zola I. K. , “Medicine as an Institution of Social Control,” Sociological Review 20, no. 4 (1972): 487–505.

Hillyard Dombrink , supra note 2, at 5–14; Humphry D. Clement M. , Freedom to Die: People, Politics, and the Right-to-Die Movement (New York: St. Martins Griffin, 2000): At 14–18, 21, 25; McInerney F. , “Requested Death: A New Social Movement,” Social Science & Medicine 50, no. 1 (2000): 137–54; see also, Lavi , supra note 1, at 163.

Meisel A. Cerminara K. , The Right to Die , 3rd ed. (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2007 supp.); Hillyard Dombrink , supra note 2, at 5–9; Ziegler S. J. Jackson R. , “Who's not afraid of proposal B? An Analysis of Exit Poll Data from Michigan's Vote on Physician-assisted Suicide,” Politics and the Life Sciences 23, no. 1 (2004): 42–48, at 43; Ziegler S. J. , “Physician-assisted Suicide and Criminal Prosecution: Are Physicians at Risk?” Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics 33, no. 2 (2005): 349–358.

See, e.g., Laland K. N. Brown G. R. , “Niche Construction, Human Behavior, and the Adaptive-Lag Hypothesis,” Evolutionary Anthropology 15, no. 3 (2006): 95–104. And while such an argument could be consistent with the views of Lavi, supra note 1, at 164, Illich, supra note 3, or Zola , supra note 4, it is one I leave for another day.

Cohen L. Ganzini L. Mitchell C. Arons S. Goy E. Cleary J. Editorial Guest , “Accusations of Murder and Euthanasia in End-of-Life Care,” Journal of Palliative Medicine 8, no. 6 (2005): 1096–1104, at 1096; Orentlicher D. , “The Supreme Court and Physician-Assisted Suicide - Rejecting Assisted Suicide but Embracing Euthanasia,” New England Journal of Medicine 337 no. 17 (1997):1236–1239.

See Ziegler , supra note 6, at 349; Ziegler Jackson , supra note 6, at 42.

Ziegler S. J. Bosshard G. , “Role of Non-governmental Organizations in Physician Assisted Suicide,” BMJ 334, no. 7588 (2007): 295–298; Werth J. L. Wineberg H. , “A Critical Analysis of Criticisms of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act,” Death Studies 29, no. 1 (2005): 1–27; Werth J. L. Benjamin G. A. H. Farrenkopf T. , “Requests for Physician-assisted Death: Guidelines for Assessing Mental Capacity and Impaired Judgment, Psychology,” Public Policy, and Law 6, no. 2 (2001): 348–372.

See Hillyard Dombrink , supra note 2; Werth Wineberg , Id.; Werth J. L. , “Reinterpreting the Controlled Substances Act: Predictions for the Effect on Pain Relief,” Behavioral Sciences and the Law 20, no. 3 (2002): 287–305; Ziegler , supra note 2; Ziegler S. J. Lovrich N. P. Jr. , “Prohibiting Physician-Assisted Suicide at the Expense of Pain Relief” (September 2001), Pain and the Law Web site, available at <http://www.painandthelaw.org/mayday/ziegler_lovrich_100301.php> (last visited March 5, 2009); Ziegler S. J. Lovrich N. P. Jr. , “Pain Relief and Prohibiting PAS: The Saga Continues” (November 2001), Pain and the Law Web site, available at <http://www.painandthelaw.org/mayday/ziegler_lovrich_110101.php> (last visited March 5, 2009); Cohen-Almagor R. Hartman M. G. , “The Oregon Death with Dignity Act: Review and Proposals for Improvement,” Journal of Legislation 27, no. 2 (2001):269–298.

Oregon Department of Human Services, Tenth Annual Report on Oregon's Death With Dignity Act, Portland: DHS (2008), available at <http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/pas/docs/year10.pdf> (last visited March 6, 2009).

Initiative Measure 1000, General Election Results, Washington Secretary of State, available at <http://vote.wa.gov/elections/wei/Results.aspx?RaceTypeCode=M&JurisdictionTypeID=-2&ElectionID=26&ViewMode=Results> (last visited March 6, 2009).

See Ziegler Jackson , supra note 10; Hillyard Dombrink , supra note 2, at 99; Miller F. G. Quill T. E. Brody H. Fletcher J. C. Gostin L. O. Meier D. E. , “Sounding Board: Regulating Physician-Assisted Death,” New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 2 (1994): 119–123, at 119; see also, Hoefler J. H. , “Diffusion and Diversity: Federalism and the Right to Die in the Fifty States,” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 24, no. 3 (1994):153–170.

Hillyard Dombrink , supra note 2, at 99; Emanuel E. J. , “Euthanasia and Physician-assisted Suicide: A Review of Empirical Data from the United States,” Archives of Internal Medicine 162, no. 2 (2002): 142–152, at 142; Meisel Cerminara , supra note 6.

See Ziegler Jackson , supra note 10.

Miller F. G. Brody H. Quill T. , “Can Physician Assisted Suicide Be Regulated Effectively?” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 3 (1996): 225–32; Scoccia D. , “Slippery-slope Objections to Legalizing Physician-assisted Suicide and Voluntary Euthanasia,” Public Affairs Quarterly 19, no. 2 (2005): 143–61; Battin M.P. Rhodes R. Silvers A. , eds., Physician Assisted Suicide: Expanding the Debate (New York: Rutledge, 1998); Werth Wineberg , supra note 10; Battin M. P. van der Heide A. Ganzini L. van der Wal G. Onwuteaka-Philipsen B. D. , “Legal Physician-Assisted Dying in Oregon and the Netherlands: Evidence Concerning the Impact on Patients in ‘Vulnerable’ Groups,” Journal of Medical Ethics 33, no. 10 (2007): 591–597, at 591; see also, House of Lords Select Committee on the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill, Report on the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill, Evidence , v. 2 (London: Stationery Office, 2005).

See Mooney C. Z. , ed., The Public Clash of Private Values: The Politics of Morality Policy (Washington, D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1999): At 14 (quoting Tatalovich, Smith, and Bobic (1994) in support).

Whitney S. N. Brown B. W. Brody H. Alcser K. H. Bachman J.G. Greely H. T. , “Views of United States Physicians and Members of the American Medical Association House of Delegates on Physician-Assisted Suicide,” Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, no. 5 (2001): 290–296, at 290.

Orentlicher D. , “The Legalization of Physician-assisted Suicide: A Very Modest Evolution,” Boston College Law Review 38 (1997): 443–475, at 452; Snyder L. , “Bioethics, Assisted Suicide, and the ‘Right to Die,’” Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 13, no. 1 (2001): 13–18.

See Battin (2007), supra note 17; Emanuel E. J. , “What Is the Great Benefit of Legalizing Euthanasia or Physician-Assisted Suicide?” Ethics 109, no. 3 (1999): 629–642, at 635.

Keown J. , Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument against Legalisation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002): At 172; Dyer C. , “Swiss Parliament May Try To Ban ‘Suicide Tourism,’” (News Roundup) BMJ 326, no. 7383 (2003): 242; Spooner M. , “Swiss Irked by Arrival of ‘Death Tourists’,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 168, no. 5 (2003): 600.

See Keown , supra note 21, at 70–80; Snyder L. , supra note 20, at 16; Hendin H. Rutenfrans C. Zylicz Z. , “Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the Netherlands: Lessons from the Dutch,” JAMA 277, no. 21 (1997): 1720–1722, at 1720; Scoccia D. , “Slippery-slope Objections to Legalizing Physician-assisted Suicide and Voluntary Euthanasia,” Public Affairs Quarterly 19, no. 2 (2005): 143–61; Zimbelman J. , “Changing the Present Legal Prohibitions on Assisted Suicide Is a Bad Idea,” Journal of Professional Nursing 15, no. 3 (1999): 160–169; Lavi , supra note 1, at 93; Battin . (2007), supra note 17; van der Maas P. J. van der Wal G. Haverkate I. Graaff C. L. M. Kester J. G. C. Onwuteaka-Philipsen B. D. van der Heide A. Bosma J. M. Willems D. L. , “Euthanasia, Physician-Assisted Suicide, and Other Medical Practices Involving the End of Life in the Netherlands, 1990–1995,” New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 22 (1996): 1699–1705, at 1705; Thynne K. , “Implications of Legalising Euthanasia in the Netherlands: Greater Regulatory Control?” Journal of Law and Medicine 10, no. 2 (2002): 232–238, at 236.

See Werth Wineberg , supra note 10, at 10.

See Whitney , supra note 19, at 290.

See Orentlicher , supra note 20.

See Battin (2007), supra note 17.

See Oregon's Tenth Annual Report, supra note 12.

Werth Wineberg , supra note 10, at 10; Information collected by Oregon's Health Division to fulfill their reporting requirements is generally not available for public inspection (ORS 127.865 § 3.11 (1995)).

Se Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10, at 296.

See Emanuel , supra note 15; Meier D. E. Emmons C. Wallenstein S. Quill T. Morrison S. Cassel C. K. , “A National Survey of Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the United States,” New England Journal of Medicine 338, no. 17 (1998): 1193–1201; Miller , supra note 17, at 227.

Ziegler S. J. , “Euthanasia and the Administration of Neuromuscular Blockers Without Ventilation: Should Physicians Fear Prosecution?” Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying 53, no. 4 (2006): 295–310; Ziegler Jackson , supra note 10, at 43.

See Ziegler , supra note 32, at 307; Pugliese J. , “Don't Ask-Don't Tell: The Secret Practice of Physician-Assisted Suicide,” Hastings Law Journal 44, no. 6 (1993): 1291–1330.

See Ziegler , supra note 6, at 353 (Prosecutor #7).

Cohen-Almagor R. , Euthanasia in the Netherlands: The Policy and Practice of Mercy Killing (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004); Jecker N. , “Physician-assisted Death in the Netherlands and the United States: Ethical and Cultural Aspects Of Health Policy Development,” Journal of the American Geriatric Society 42 (1994): 672–678; Gomez C. , Regulating Death: Euthanasia and the Case of the Netherlands (New York: Free Press, 1991); Pool R. , Negotiating a Good Death: Euthanasia in the Netherlands (New York: Haworth Press, 2000); Battin M. P. , Ending Life: Ethics and the Way We Die (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); Battin M. P. , “Assisted Suicide: Can We Learn from Germany?” Hastings Center Report 22, no. 2 (1992): 44–51; Griffiths J. Bood A. Weyers H. , Euthanasia and the Law in the Netherlands (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1998); Hillyard Dombrink , supra note 2; Guedj M. Gibert M. Maudet A. Muñoz-Sastre M. T. Mullet E. Sorum P. C. , “The Acceptability of Ending a Patient's Life,” Journal of Medical Ethics 31, no. 6 (2005): 311–317; Teisseyre N. Mullet E. Sorum P. C. , “Under What Conditions is Euthanasia Acceptable to Lay People and Health Professionals?” Social Science & Medicine 60, no. 2 (2005): 357–368.

See, e.g., Baron C. H. Bergstresser C. Brock D. W. Cole G. F. Dorfman N. S. Johnson J. A. Schnipper L. E. Vorenberg J. Wanzer S. H. , “A Model State Act to Authorize and Regulate Physician-assisted Suicide,” Harvard Journal on Legislation 33, no. 1 (1996): 1–34; Daniels P. G. , “An Illinois Physician-Assisted Suicide Act: A Merciful End to a Terminally Ill Criminal Tradition,” Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 28, no. 4 (1997): 763–837; Kevorkian J. , “A Fail-safe Model for Justifiable Medically-Assisted Suicide (‘Medicide’),” American Journal of Forensic Psychology 13, no. 1 (1992): 7–81; Caplan A. L. Snyder L. Faber-Langendoen K. , “The Role of Guidelines in the Practice of Physician-Assisted Suicide,” Annals of Internal Medicine 132, no. 6 (2000):476–481.

See, e.g., Bosshard G. Fischer S. Bär W. , “Open Regulation and Practice in Assisted Dying,” Swiss Medical Weekly 132, no. 37–38 (2002) 527–534; Hurst S. A. Mauron A. , “Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in Switzerland: Allowing a Role for Non-Physicians,” BMJ 326, no. 7383 (2003): 271–273; Bosshard G. Ulrich E. Bär W. , “748 Cases of Suicide Assisted by a Swiss ‘Right-to-Die’ Organization,” Swiss Medical Weekly 133, no. 21–22 (2003): 310–317.

See Spooner , supra note 22.

See Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10; Bosshard G. Ulrich E. Ziegler S. J. Bär W. , “Assessment of Requests for Assisted Suicide by a Swiss Right-to-Die Society,” Death Studies 32, no. 7 (2008): 646–657; Fischer S. Huber C. A. Imhof L. Imhof R. M. Furter M. Ziegler S. J. Bosshard G. , “Suicide Assisted by Two Swiss Right-to-Die Organisations,” Journal of Medical Ethics 34, no. 11 (2008): 810–814.

See Cohen-Almagor Hartman , supra note 11; Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10; Carlson B. Simopolous N. Goy E. R. Jackson A. Ganzini L. , “Oregon Hospice Chaplains' Experiences with Patients Requesting Physician-Assisted Suicide,” Journal of Palliative Medicine 8, no. 6 (2005): 1160–1166.

Oregon Death with Dignity Act, ORS 127.800–127.995 (1995); Reporting Requirements of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, OARS 333-009-0010 through 333-009-0030 (2008), available at <http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/rules/OARs_300/OAR_333/333_009.html> (last visited March 10, 2009); Werth Wineberg , supra note 10; Cohen-Almagor Hartman , supra note 11; ORS 127.885 §4.01 (1995).

See Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10; Oregon Death with Dignity Act, ORS 127.800–127.995 (1995); Werth Wineberg , supra note 10.

Criminal Homicide, ORS 163.005 (2007).

See Oregon's Tenth Annual Report, supra note 12.

Reporting Requirements of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, OARS 333-009-0010 through 333-009-0030 (2008), available at <http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/rules/OARs_300/OAR_333/333_009.html>; see also, <http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/pas/index.shtml> (last visited March 10, 2009).

Oregon Department of Human Services, PAS Forms, available at <http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/pas/pasforms.shtml> (last visited on March 10, 2009).

Oregon Department of Human Services, PAS Publications (Additional Resources), available at <http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/pas/publications.shtml> (last visited March 10, 2009).

Task Force to Improve the Care of the Terminally Ill. The Oregon Death with Dignity Act: A Guidebook for Health Care Professionals (Portland: Center for Ethics in Health Care, Oregon Health Sciences University, 2007), available at <www.ohsu.edu/ethics/guidebook.pdf> (last visited March 10, 2009).

Id., at 85–86 (Chapter 14, Oregon Department of Human Services Reporting).

OAR 333-009-0010(3) (2007); The Oregon Death with Dignity Act: A Guidebook for Professionals, supra note 49, at 67–72 (Chapter 10, Pharmacists and Pharmacy-Related Issues).

Request for Medication to End My Life in A Humane and Dignified Manner, available at <http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/pas/docs/pt-req.pdf> (last visited March 15, 2009).

Construction of Act, ORS 127.880 § 3.14 (1995).

Insurance or Annuity Policies, ORS 127.875 §3.13 (1995).

The Oregon Death with Dignity Act: A Guidebook for Professionals, supra note 49, at 86–87 (Chapter 14, Oregon Department of Human Services Reporting).

Oregon Department of Human Services, Methods (The Reporting System), available at <http://oregon.gov/DHS/ph/pas/docs/Methods.pdf> (last visited March 10, 2009).

Oregon Death with Dignity Act, Attending Physician Interview, available at <http://oregon.gov/DHS/ph/pas/docs/mdintdat.pdf> (last visited March 10, 2009).

The Oregon Death with Dignity Act: A Guidebook for Professionals, supra note 49, at 87 (Chapter 14, Oregon Department of Human Services Reporting).

The Oregon Death with Dignity Act: A Guidebook for Professionals, supra note 49, at 86 (Chapter 14, Oregon Department of Human Services Reporting).

Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10; Guillod O. Schmidt A. , “Assisted Suicide Under Swiss Law,” European Journal of Health Law 12, no. 1 (2005): 25–38.

See Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10.

Bosshard G. Jermini D. Eisenhart D. Bär W. , “Assisted Suicide Bordering on Active Euthanasia,” International Journal of Legal Medicine 117, no. 2 (2003): 106–108; Bosshard Ulrich Bär (2003), supra note 37; Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10.

See Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10.

Id.; Bosshard Fischer Bär , supra note 37; Guillod Schmidt , supra note 60.

Bianchi-Demicheli F. Perrin E. Lüdicke F. Campana A. , “Contraception and Sexuality After Termination of Pregnancy: A Comparison Between Lugano and Geneva,” Swiss Medical Weekly 131, no. 35–36 (2001): 515–520, at 515.

Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10; Guillod Schmidt , supra note 60;

Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10; Guillod Schmidt , supra note 60; Bosshard Fischer Bär (2002, 2003), supra note 37.

Guillod Schmidt , supra note 60; see also, Report on the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill, supra note 17, at 624–654; For a helpful guide on Swiss law, see Dessemontet F. Ansay T. , eds., Introduction to Swiss Law, 3rd ed. (Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2004).

See Werth Wineberg , supra note 10; van der Wal G. van der Maas P. J. Bosma J. M. Onwuteaka-Philipsen B. D. Willems D. D. Haverkate I. Kostense P. J. , “Evaluation of the Notification Procedure for Physician-Assisted Death in the Netherlands,” New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 22 (1996): 1706–1711; see also, Cuperus-Bosma J. M. van der Wal G. van der Maas P. J. , “Physician-Assisted Death: Policy-making by the Assembly of Prosecutors General in the Netherlands,” European Journal of Health Law 4, no. 3 (1997): 225–238, at 236–237.

Hendin H. Rutenfrans C. Zylicz Z. , “Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the Netherlands: Lessons from the Dutch,” JAMA 277, no. 21 (1997): 1720–1722; Wolf S. , “Assessing Physician Compliance with the Rules for Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide,” Archives of Internal Medicine 165, no. 15 (2005): 1677–1679; see also, Rigter , “Euthanasia in the Netherlands: Distinguishing Fact From Fiction,” Hastings Center Report 19, no. 1, Supplement (1989): 31–32; Onwuteaka-Philipsen B. D. van der Heide A. Muller M. T. Rurup M. Rietjens J. A. C. Georges J. Vrakking A. M. Cuperus-Bosma J. M. van der Wal G. van der Maas P. J. , “Dutch Experience of Monitoring Euthanasia,” BMJ 331, no. 7518 (2005): 691–693; Cuperus-Bosma van der Wal van der Maas , supra note 70, at 237.

van der Wal G. , supra note 70; Griffiths Bood Weyers , supra note 35, at 205, 238–239, 241, 254, 278–279; Cuperus-Bosma J. M. van der Wal G. Looman C. W. N. van der Maas P. J. , “Assessment of Physician-Assisted Death by Members of the Public Prosecution in the Netherlands,” Journal of Medical Ethics 25, no. 1 (1999), 8–15; Miller Brody Quill , supra note 17, at 226; van der Heide A. Onwuteaka-Philipsen B. D. Rurup M. L. Buiting H.M. van Delden J. J. M. Hanssen-De-Wolf J. E. , “End-of-Life Practices in the Netherlands Under the Euthanasia Act,” New England Journal of Medicine 356, no. 19 (2007): 1957–65.

Griffiths Bood Weyers , supra note 35, at 204–205, 236–237; see also, Reuzel R.P.B. Hasselaar G.J. Vissers K.C.P. Wilt G.J. Groenewoud J.M.M. Crul B.J.P. , “Inappropriateness of Using Opioids for End-stage Palliative Sedation: A Dutch Study,” Palliative Medicine 22, no. 5 (2008): 641–646; van der Heide A. , supra note 72.

Sheldon T. , “Incidence of Euthanasia in the Netherlands Falls,” BMJ (News) 334, no. 7603 (2007): 1075; Reuzel , supra note 73; van der Heide , supra note 73.

See Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10.

See Battin (2007), supra note 17; van der Heide , supra note 73.

Ziegler S. J. Lovrich N.P. , “Pain Relief, Prescription Drugs, and Prosecution: A Four-State Survey of Chief Prosecutors”, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 1 (2003): 75–100; Alpers A. , “Criminal Act or Palliative Care? Prosecutions Involving the Care of the Dying,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 26, no.4 (1998): 308–31.

ORS 127.850 § 3.08 (1995); Werth Benjamin Farrenkopf , supra note 10, at 348.

See Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10.

See Bosshard (2008), supra note 39.

See Capron , supra note 2, at 17.

See, e.g., Oregon's Tenth Annual Report, supra note 12.

See Nuland , supra note 2, at 257–259.

See Lavi , supra note 1, at 29; Hoefler Kamoie , supra, note 1, at 10–13, 16–17; DeSplender L. A. DeSplender A.L. , The Last Dance: Encountering Death & Dying, 7th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004): At 6, 11–12, 96–97.

See supra note 3.

See Stajduhar Davies , supra note 3; Gott M. Seymour J. Bellamy G. Clark D. Ahmedzai S. , “Older People's Views about Home as a Place of Care at the End of Life,” Palliative Medicine 18, no. 5 (2004): 460–467; Klinkenberg M. Visser G. van Groenous M. I. B. van der Wal G. , “The Last 3 Months of Life: Care, Transitions, and the Place of Death of Older People, Health and Social Care in the Community 13, no. 5 (2005): 420–430; Bowling A. , “The Hospitalisation of Death: Should More People Die at Home?” Journal of Medical Ethics 9, no. 3 (1983): 158–61; DeSplender DeSplender , supra note 84, at 12.

See Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10; Fischer , supra note 39, at 811.

Kaplan K. J. Lachenmeier F. Harrow M. O'Dell J. C. Usiel O. Schneiderhan M. Cheyfitz K. , “Psychosocial Versus Biomedical Risk Factors in Kevorkian's First Forty-Seven Physician-Assisted Deaths,” Omega, The Journal of Death and Dying 40, no. 1 (1999): 109–163, at 121; see also, Ogden R. , Euthanasia, assisted suicide, and AIDS (New Westminster, BC: Peroglyphics, 1994).

See Lavi , supra note 1, at 29; Hoefler Kamoie , supra note 1, at 10–13, 16–17; DeSplender DeSplender , supra note 84; Garchar K. , “The Loyal Patient at the End of Life: A Roycean Argument for Assisted Suicide,” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 14, no. 2 (2005) 147–155, at 154.

See Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10.

Wisler D. Onwudiwe I. D. , “Community Policing in Comparison,” Police Quarterly 11, no. 4 (2008): 427–446.

Salem T. , “Physician-Assisted Suicide: Promoting Autonomy or Medicalizing Suicide?” Hastings Center Report 29, no. 3 (1999) 30–36, at 30.

Id., at 32.

Id, at 30.

Preston T. , “Autonomy in Physician-Assisted Suicide,” (Letters), Hastings Center Report 30, no. 3 (2000): 4–5; Preston T. Gunderson M. Mayo D. , “The Role of Autonomy in Choosing Physician Aid in Dying,” in Quill T. Battin M. P. , eds., Physician-Assisted Dying: The Case of Palliative Care and Patient Choice (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 2004).

See Preston , supra note 96, at 4.

Id., at 4–5.

See Preston Gunderson Mayo , supra note 96, at 51.

See Oregon's Tenth Annual Report, supra note 12.

Seale C. Addington-Hall J. , “Euthanasia: The Role of Good Care,” Social Science & Medicine 40, no. 5 (1995): 581–587.

See Whitney , supra note 19, at 290 (citing AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, Code of Medical Ethics, E-2.211 Physician-Assisted Suicide).

See Whitney , supra note 19.

Boddiger D. , “AMA Hopes Streamlined Agenda Will Boost Membership,” Lancet 366, no. 9490 (2005):971–972.

See Emanuel , supra note 15.

See Whitney , supra note 19; Ziegler Jackson , supra note 10; Miller , supra note 14.

Ganzini L. Nelson H. D. Lee M. A. Kraemer D. F. Schmidt T. A. Delorit M. A. , “Oregon Physicians' Attitudes About and Experiences with End-of-Life Care Since Passage of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act,” JAMA 285, no. 18 (2001):2363–9, at 2365; Hillyard Dombrink , supra note 2, at 27; Okie S. , “Physician-Assisted Suicide – Oregon and Beyond,” New England Journal of Medicine 352, no. 16 (2005):1627–30, at 1629; Tucker K.L. , “The Chicken and the Egg: The Pursuit of Choice For a Human Hastened-Death as a Catalyst for Improved End-of-Life Care; Improved End-of-Life Care as a Precondition For Legalization of Assisted Dying,” New York University Annual Survey of American Law 60 (2004): 355–378.

See Ganzini , supra note 107, at 2367–9.

Construction of Act. ORS 127.880 § 3.14 (1995).

See Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10, at 297.

Farber N. J. Aboff B. M. Weiner J. Davis E. B. Boyer E. G. Ubel P. A. , “Physicians' Willingness To Participate in the Process of Lethal Injection for Capital Punishment,” Annals of Internal Medicine 135, no. 10 (2001): 884–890.

Orentlicher , supra note 8; Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 US 702 (1997); Vacco v. Quill, 521 U.S. 793 (1997).

Billings J. A. Block S. D. , “Slow euthanasia,” Journal of Palliative Care 12 (1996): 21–30; Rietjens J. A. C. van Delden J. J. M. van der Heide A. Vrakking A. M. Onwuteaka-Philipsen B. D. van der Maas P. J. van der Wal G. , “Terminal Sedation and Euthanasia: A Comparison of Clinical Practices,” Archives of Internal Medicine 166, no. 7 (2006): 749–753; Orentlicher , supra note 8; Battin M. P. , “Terminal Sedation: Pulling the Sheet over Our Eyes,” Hastings Center Report 38, no. 5 (2008): 27–30.

See Battin (1992), supra note 35, at 44; Morrison R. Meier D. , “Physician-Assisted Dying: Fashioning Public Policy with an Absence of Data,” Generations 18, no. 4 (1994): 48–53.

See Battin (1992), supra note 35, at 49.

Leenaars A. Connolly J. , “Suicide, Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: International Perspectives,” Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 18, no. 1 (2001): 33–7.

See Hoefler , supra note 14; Ziegler Bosshard , supra, note 10.

See Hillyard Dombrink , supra note 2; Werth Wineberg , supra note 10; Emanuel , supra note 15; Cohen-Almagor , supra note 35; Griffiths , supra note 35; Gomez , supra note 35; Pool , supra note 35; Battin (2005), supra note 35.

See Ziegler Bosshard , supra note 10; Bosshard , supra note 37; Hurst Mauron , supra note 37; Bosshard Ulrich Bär (2002, 2003), supra note 37; Frei A. Schenker T. A. Finzen A. Kräuchi K. Dittmann V. Hoffmann-Richter U. , “Assisted Suicide as Conducted by a “Right-to-Die”- Society in Switzerland: A Descriptive Analysis of 43 Consecutive Cases,” Swiss Medical Weekly 131, no. 25–26 (2001): 375–380; Bosshard , supra note 39; Fischer , supra note 39.

Faber-Langendoen K. Karlawish J. H. T. , “Should Assisted Suicide Be Only Physician Assisted?” Annals of Internal Medicine 132, no. 6 (2000): 482–488.

Magnusson R. S. , Angels of Death: Exploring the Euthanasia Underground (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002); Ogden , supra note 89; Ziegler , supra note 6; Pugliese , supra note 33.

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See Scoccia , supra note 17; Battin , supra note 17.