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2.
Federal Food and Drug Administration, “FDA Approves BiDil Heart Failure Drug for Black Patients,”available at <http://www.fda.gov/> (last visited June 2, 2008).
3.
DusterT., “Race and Reification in Science,”Science307, no. 18 (2005): 1050–1051.
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See Duster, supra note 3.
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Id.
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See Kahn, supra note 4.
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SmartA.MartinP. A., “The Promise of Pharmacogenetics: Assessing the Prospects for Disease and Patient Stratification,”Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences37, no. 3 (2006): 583–601; HedgecoeA.MartinP., “The Drugs Don't Work: Expectations and the Shaping of Pharmacogenetics,”Social Studies of Science33, no. 3 (2003): 327–364; SchwartzJ., “Pharmacogenetics: Has It Reached the Clinic?”Journal of Gender Specific Medicine5, no. 2 (2002): 13–18.
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See BrownMichael, supra note 10.
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See Michael, supra note 10.
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FosterM. W.SharpR. R.MulvihillJ. J., “Pharmacogenetics, Race, and Ethnicity: Social Identities and Individualised Medical Care,”Therapeutic Drug Monitoring23, no. 3 (2001): 232–238.
FosterM. W.SharpR. R.MulvihillJ. J., “Pharmacogenetics, Race, and Ethnicity: Social Identities and Individualised Medical Care,”Therapeutic Drug Monitoring23, no. 3 (2001): 232–238.
20.
Some key publications from this research include: SmartA.TuttonR.AshcroftR.MartinP.EllisonG. T. H., “Can Science Alone Improve the Measurement and Communication of Race and Ethnicity in Genetic Research? Exploring the Strategies Proposed by Nature Genetics,”BioSocieties1, no. 3 (2006): 307–318; TuttonR., “Opening the White Box: Exploring Categories of Whiteness in UK Genetic Databases,”Ethnic and Racial Studies30, no. 4 (2007): 557–569; EllisonG. T. H.SmartA.TuttonR.OutramS. M.AshcroftR.MartinP., “Racial Categories in Medicine: A Failure of Evidence-Based Practice?”Public Library of Science Medicine4, no. 9 (2007): 1434–1436; MartinP.AshcroftR.EllisonG. T. H.SmartA.TuttonR., Reviving ‘Racial Medicine’? The Use of Race/Ethnicity in Genetics and Biomedical Research, and the Implications for Science and Healthcare (London: St. George's/University of London, 2007).
21.
Several interviewees introduced the topic of the FDA approval of BiDil in the course of their interviews and, as the interviewer, Richard Tutton took the opportunity to ask several interviewees what if any issues this had raised for them as scientists in the field of pharmacogenetics. The impact of the BiDil approval on medical practice in the U.K. and how British-based scientists and doctors frame the issues that it raises are interesting questions. Lying outside the focus of the current paper, this will be a concern of future research.
22.
To preserve the anonymity of interviewees we use these codes (PGx01, etc.) for the benefit of the reader to distinguish between our different respondents.
23.
SmartA.TuttonR.MartinP.EllisonG. T. H.AshcroftR., “The Standardization of Race and Ethnicity in Biomedical Science Editorials and UK Biobanks,”Social Studies of Science, 38, no. 3 (2008): 407–423.
24.
BacanuS.-A.DevlinB.RoederK., “The Power of Genomic Control,”American Journal of Human Genetics66, no. 6 (2000): 1933–1944; “Genomic control” is a technique that uses unlinked genetic markers to adjust for potential confounding from gene-gene interactions within genetically stratified study populations.
25.
StassenH. H.HoffmanK.ScharfetterC., “Similarity by State/Descent and Genetic Vector Spaces: Analysis of a Longitudinal Family Study,”BioMed Central Genetics4, no. S (2003): S59–S65.