Incidental Findings in Human Subjects Research: What Do Investigators Owe Research Participants?

Wolf S. M. , “Managing Incidental Findings in Human Subjects Research: Analysis and Recommendations,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, no. 2 (2008): 219–248; see also Illes J. , “Incidental Findings in Brain Imaging Research,” Science 311, no. 5762 (2006): 783–784.

Id. ( Illes )

Illes J. , “Discovery and Disclosure of Incidental Findings in Neuroimaging Research,” Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 20, no. 5 (2004): 743–747; Mamourian A. , “Incidental Findings on Research Functional MR Images: Should We Look?” American Journal of Neuroradiology 25, no. 4 (2004): 520–522.

See Illes , supra note 1; id. ( Illes ); Illes J. , “Ethical and Practical Considerations in Managing Incidental Findings in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” Brain & Cognition 50, no. 3 (2002): 358–365.

Belsky L. Richardson H. S. , “Medical Researchers' Ancillary Clinical Care Responsibilities,” BMJ 328, no. 7454 (2004): 1494–1496; Richardson H. S. Belsky L. , “The Ancillary-Care Responsibilities of Medical Researchers: An Ethical Framework for Thinking About the Clinical Care That Researchers Owe Their Subjects,” Hastings Center Report 34, no. 1 (2004): 25–33.

Bovio S. , “Prevalence of Adrenal Incidentaloma in a Contemporary Computerized Tomography Series,” Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 29, no. 4 (2006): 298–302.

Beauchamp T. L. Childress J. F. , Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 5th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Morreim E. H. , “The Clinical Investigator as Fiduciary: Discarding a Misguided Idea,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 33, no. 3 (2005): 586–598.

See Beauchamp Childress , supra note 7, at 168–170.

Scanlon T. M. , What We Owe to Each Other (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980).

Id., at 224.

Zwitter M. , “Professional and Public Attitudes towards Unsolicited Medical Intervention,” BMJ 318, no. 7178 (1999): 251–253.

See Beauchamp Childress , supra note 7, at 5–7.

Spaulding v. Zimmerman , 116 N.W.2d 704 (Minn. 1962).

See Belsky and Richardson (“Medical Researchers' Ancillary Clinical Care Responsibilities”), supra note 5; Richardson Belsky (“The Ancillary-Care Responsibilities of Medical Researchers”), supra note 5.

See Belsky and Richardson (“Medical Researchers' Ancillary Clinical Care Responsibilities”), supra note 5.

See Richardson and Belsky (“The Ancillary-Care Responsibilities of Medical Researchers”), supra note 5.

Id., at 32.

Grossman R. I. Bernat J. L. , “Incidental Research Imaging Findings: Pandora's Costly Box,” Neurology 62, no. 6 (2004): 849–850.

Kleinschmidt A. , “Incidental Neuroimaging Findings: Lessons from Brain Research in Volunteers,” Current Opinion in Neurology 20, no. 4 (2007): 387–389.

Kirschen M. P. , “Subjects' Expectations in Neuroimaging Research,” Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 23, no. 2 (2006): 205–209.

Shalowitz D. I. Miller F. G. , “Disclosing Individual Results of Clinical Research: Implications of Respect for Participants,” JAMA 294, no. 6 (2005): 737–740.

See Illes , supra note 1.

Appelbaum P. S. , “False Hopes and Best Data: Consent to Research and the Therapeutic Misconception,” Hastings