Medical Ethics at Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib: The Problem of Dual Loyalty

Editor, “Medical Personnel at Abu Ghraib Ignored Medical Ethics and Human Rights,” News-Medical.Net (August 20, 2004): 1–5. See also U.S. Army Inspector General, Detainee Operations Investigation, July 21, 2004. at <http://www.npr.org/documents/2004/armyinspector.detainee.report.pdf.>

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Solomon M. , “Healthcare Professionals and Dual Loyalty: Technical Proficiency is not Enough,” Medscape General Medicine 7 (2005): 1–4, at <http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/508877_print> (last visited April 11, 2006).

Miles S. , “Abu Ghraib: It's Legacy for Military Medicine,” The Lancet 364 (2004): 725–729. See also Article 15–6 Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade (The Taguba Report) at <http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/iraq/tagubarpt.html#FRother219> (last visited April 11, 2006); Captain Donald Reese's sworn statement and interview (Appendix of Taguba Report investigation), at <http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/040709/CPT_Reese.pdf> (last visited April 11, 2006); International Committee of the Red Cross, “Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross on the Treatment by Coalition Forces of Prisoners of War and Other Protected Persons by the Geneva Convention in Iraq During Arrest, Internment, and Interrogation,” (February 2004), at <http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/sections/news/international%20news/mideast%20and%20N.%20Africa/Iraq%20confict/red%20cross%20report.pdf> (last visited April 11, 2006); and Harding L. , “Focus Shifts To Jail Abuse Of Women,” The Guardian (May 12, 2004), at <http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq?story/0,2763,1214698.00.html> (last visited April 11, 2006).

Bloche M. G. and Marks J. H. , “Doctors and Interrogators at Guantanamo Bay,” New England Journal of Medicine 353 (2005): 6–8. See also, Physicians for Human Rights, “Break Them Down: Systematic Use of Psychological Torture by U. S. Forces,” Physicians for Human Rights Report, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2005.

Bloche and Marks , supra note 7, at 6.

United Nations, “Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” 1948, at <http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html> (last visited April 11, 2006).

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Miles , supra note 6, at 727.

Silove , supra note 3, at 1915.

Bush George W. , “Memorandum for the Vice President on Humane Treatment of al-Queda and Tailban Detainees” (February 7, 2002), at <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/documents/020702bush.pdf> (last visited April 11, 2006).

Miles , supra note 6, at 725.

Miles , supra note 6, at 725. See also, Department of Defense Working Group on Detainee Interrogations in the Global War Against Terrorism, “Assessment of Legal, Historical, Policy and Operational Considerations,” (March 6, 2003), at <http://www.ccr-ny.org/v2/home.asp> (last visited April 11, 2006); Office of Assistant Attorney General, “Memorandum for Robert R. Gonzales, Counsel to the President, Re. Standards of Conduct for Interrogation Under 18 U.S.C. 2340–2340A,” (August 1, 2002), at <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/documents/dojinterrogationmemo20020801.pdf> (last visited April 11, 2006).

Miles , supra note 6, at 725.

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Miles , supra note 6, at 726.

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Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, Code of Medical Ethics: Current Opinions and Annotations, 2004–2005 edition (Chicago, AMA Press, 2004): Chapter 2.067, 24–25.

Solomon , supra note 5, at 1.

It should be noted that three soldiers have been ordered to stand trial on murder charges in General Mowhoush's death. See Bloche M. G. and Marks J. , “Doing Unto Others As They Do Unto You,” New York Times, November 14, 2005, at <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/14/opinion/14blochemarks.html?oref?login&pagewant> (last visited April 11, 2006).

Miles , supra note 6, at 726.

Bloche and Marks , supra note 7, at 6–7.

American Psychiatric Association and American Psychological Association, “Against Torture: Joint Resolution of the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association,” (1985): Principle A, Beneficence and Nonmaleficence and Ethical Standard 3.04, Avoiding Harm, at <http://www.psych.org/edu/other_res/lib_archives/198506.pdf> (last visited April 11, 2006).

Miles S. , “Author's Reply,” in Correspondence, The Lancet 364 (2004): 1852.

United Nations, “Geneva Conventions Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War,” (1949), at <http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/91htm> (last visited April 11, 2006) see also, Miles , supra note 6, at 727.

Powell , supra note 4, at 2–3.

Lewis N. , “Interrogators Cite Doctors' Aid at Guantanamo,” New York Times (June 24, 2005): 1–3, at <http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/24/politics/24gitmo.html?th=&emc=th&pagewanted=print> (last visited April 11, 2006).

Bloche and Marks , supra note 7, at 6. See also Huck R. A. , “U. S. Southern Command Confidentiality Policy for Interaction Between Health Care Providers and Enemy Persons Under U. S. Control, Detained In Conjunction With Operation Ending Freedom (August 6, 2002), at <http://www.southcom.mil/restrict/J1/new%20web%20page/New%20Web%20Pages/AG/Policy?Current%20SC%20Policies?SC%20Current_pols.htm> (last visited April 11, 2006).

National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects (U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1979): B-1.

Miles , supra note 6, at 727.

United Nations, supra note 9.

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Hochschild , supra note 39, at 1.

Purtilo R. , “Conduct, Virtue, and Context in the Professional-Patient Relationship,” in Reich W. , ed., Encyclopedia of Bioethics, rev. ed. (New York: Simon and Schuster and Prentice Hall: 1995): 2096.

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Bloche and Marks , supra note 7, at 6.

Randall K. , “U. S. Doctors Tied To Torture At Guantanamo, Abu Ghraib,” World Socialist Web Site, January 13, 2005, at <http://www.wsws.org/articles/2005/jan2005/tort-j13_prn.shtml> (last visited April 11, 2006).

Bloche and Marks , supra note 7, at 7.

Miles , supra note 6, at 726.

Bloche and Marks , supra note 7, at 8.

Bloche and Marks , supra note 7, at 8.

Randall , supra note 44, at 2.

Baer H. U. and Kaar J. F. , “Teaching the International Law of Armed Conflict to a Wide Military Community,” Military Medicine 167, supplement 8 (2002): 20–25; Baer H. U. and Gilgen P. , “Aims of the 3rd International Course on the Law of Armed Conflict of the International Committee for Military Medicine,” Military Medicine 167, supplement 8 (2002): 4–6; and Hall P. , “Doctors Urgently Need Education in Human Rights,” The Lancet 360 (2002): 1879.

Solomon , supra note 5, at 3. See also, American Psychological Association Task Force, “Report on Psychological Ethics and National Security,” June 2005, 1–11.

Sofair A. and Lurie P. , “Military Medicine and Human Rights,” The Lancet 364 (2004): 1851; see also, American Medical Association House of Delegates, “Humane Treatment of Prisoners and Detainees,” (April 12, 2004): Resolution 12 (A-04), at <http://www.ama-asn.org/meetigs/public/annul04/012a04.rtf> (last visited April 11, 2006).

Editor, “Medical Personnel at Abu Ghraib Ignored Medical Ethics and Human Rights,” Medical News (August 20, 2004): 1–2, at <http://www.news-medical.net/print_article.asp?id=4225> (last visited April 11, 2006).