Retention of Offender DNA Samples Necessary to Ensure and Monitor Quality of Forensic DNA Efforts: Appropriate Safeguards Exist to Protect the DNA Samples from Misuse

National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence, Transcripts of Meetings Held on July 26, 1999, September 26–27, 1999 and January 17, 2000 at <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/topics/forensics/dna/commission/meetdate.htm> (last visited February 20, 2006).

American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, DNA Fingerprinting and Civil Liberties Project – Report of Workshop 1, at <http://www.aslme.com/dna_04/work1/report.php> (last visited February 7, 2005).

U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Legislative Guidelines for DNA Databases, November 1991 [hereinafter Guidelines]; see also Federal Bureau of Investigation, CODIS Brochure, at <http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/codis/brochure.pdf> (last visited February 7, 2005).

Guidelines, supra note 3.

Guidelines, supra note 3.

Brown B. , DNA Databases Using CODIS Software, presentation at 1st International DNA User's Conference, Lyons, France, November 24–26, 1999 at <http://www.interpol.int/public/Forensic/DNA/conference/DNADb02.asp> (last visited February 7, 2005).

Ala. Code §36-18-25 (1994); N. M. Stat. Ann. §§29-16-3, 29-16-6 (1997); Tenn. Code Ann. §40-35-321 (1998); Va. Code Ann. §19.2–310.2 (1990); Wis. Stat. §165.76 (1999); and Wyo. Stat. §7-19-403 (1997).

Callaghan T. , Update on CODIS, presentation at the 11th National CODIS Conference, Arlington, Virginia, November 7, 2005; Personal communication with Thomas Callaghan (November 28, 2005).

Ala. Code §36-18-25; Alaska Stat. §44.41.035; Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §13–610; Ark. Code Ann. §12-12-1109; Cal. Penal Code §296.1; Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. §16-11-102.3; Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §54–102g; Del. Code. Ann. tit. 29 §4713; Fla. Stat. Ann. §943.325; Ga. Code Ann. §24-4-60; Hawaii H.B. 1733 (eff. July 1, 2005); 730 Ill. Stat. Ann. 5/5-4-3; Ind. Code. Ann. §10-13-6-10; Iowa H.F. 619 §81.2 (eff. June 14, 2005); Kan. Stat. Ann. §21–2511; La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §15–609; Md. Code Ann., Public Safety §2–504; Mass. Ann. Laws Ch. 22E §3; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. §712A.18k; Minn. Stat. Ann. §609.117; Miss. Code Ann. §47-5-183; Mo. Rev. Stat. §650.055; Mont. Code. Ann. §44-6-103; N.J. Stat. Ann. §53:1–20.20; N.M. Stat. Ann. §§29-16-3, 29-16-6; N.C. Gen. Stat. §15A-266.4; N.D. Cent. Code §31-13-03; Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§2152.74, 2901.07; Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 57 §584; Or. Rev. Stat. §137.076, 44 Pa. Cons. Stat. §2316; R.I. Gen. Laws 12–1.5–7; S.C. Code Ann. §23-3-620; S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §§23–5A-1, 23–5A-5; Tenn. Code Ann. §40-35-321; Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §§411.1471–148; Utah Code Ann. 53-10-403; 20 Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 20 §1933; Va. Code Ann. §19.2–310.2; Wash. Rev. Code §43.43.754; W. Va. Code §15–2B-6(g); Wis. Stat. Ann. §165.76; Wyo. Stat. §7-19-403; 10 U.S.C. §1565; and 42 U.S.C. §14135a. Only two of these states provide for the destruction of the offender DNA sample “not necessary to conduct a present or future identity test” and “after analysis has been completed and the applicable court proceedings have concluded” respectively; both states report that no offender samples have been destroyed. W. Va. Code §15–2B-6(h); Wis. Stat. Ann. §165.77(3); Personal Communication with Lt. Brent Myers (November 30, 2005); Personal communication with Dirk Janssen (November 28, 2005).

Callaghan T. , CODIS Laboratory Survey 2005, presentation at the 11th National CODIS Conference, Arlington, Virginia, November 9, 2005.

National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence , “The Future of Forensic DNA Testing: Predictions of the Research and Development Working Group” [hereinafter “Predictions”] (November 2000): at 36, available at <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/183697.htm> (last visited February 7, 2005).

Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods Y-STR, Report on the Current Activities of the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods Y-STR Committee, Forensic Science Communications 6, no. 3 (2004), at <http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2004/standards/2004_03_standards03.htm> (last visited February 7, 2005); “Predictions,” supra note 11 at pp. 3, 30 and 43.

National Research Council, “The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence,” National Academy Press, 1996, at 37, 81 and 87.

Forensic Science Communications, DNA Advisory Board, Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories (July 1998) and Quality Assurance Standards for Convicted Offender DNA Testing Laboratories (April 1999) 2, no. 3 (2000) [hereinafter Quality Assurance], at <http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2000/index.htm> (last visited February 7, 2005).

National Research Council, supra note 14, at 25.

42 U.S.C.§14132 (1994).

61 Fed. Reg. 139, 37495 (1996).

Adams D. E. , “The FBI's DNA Program,” Testimony before the House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on Government Efficiency, Financial Management and Intergovernmental Relations, June 12, 2001, at <http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress01/dwight061201.htm> (last visited February 20, 2006); Predictions, supra note 11, at 35.

61 Fed. Reg. 139, 37495 (1996).

42 U.S.C.§14132(b)(3) (1994).

42 U.S.C.§§14133(c), 14135e(c) (2004).

42 U.S.C.§14132(c) (1994).

National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, “Fiscal Year 2005 Convicted Offender DNA Backlog Reduction Program (In-House Analysis)” May 27, 2005, at 9, at <http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/funding/expired/fund2005exp.htm> (last visited February 20, 2006).

Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Department of Justice, Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) Grant Reports, available at <http://www.usdoj.gov/oig/grants/_codis.htm> (last visited February 7, 2005).

Federal Bureau of Investigation, “CODIS,” NDIS Statistics at <http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/codis/clickmap.htm> (last visited February 7, 2005).

Ala. Code §36-18-27; Alaska Stat. §44.41.035(2); Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §13–610(I); Ark. Code Ann. §12-12-1112(b); Cal. Penal Code §§299.5, 299.6; Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§16-11-102.3(6), 24-72-305(1.5); Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §54–102j; Del. Code. Ann. tit. 29 §4713(f-g); Fla. Stat. Ann. §943.325(7); Ga. Code Ann. §24-4-63; Hawaii H.B. 1733 §82 (eff. July 1, 2005); Id. Code 19§§5514, 5515; 730 Ill. Stat. Ann. 5/5-4-3(f); Ind. Code. Ann. §10-13-6-15, 19; Iowa H.F. 619 §81.8 (eff. June 14, 2005); Kan. Stat. Ann. §21–2511; Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. §17.175; La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §15–612; Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 25, §1577; Md. Code Ann., Public Safety §2–508; Mass. Ann. Laws Ch. 22E §10; Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. §28.176; Minn. Stat. Ann. §299C.155; Mo. Rev. Stat. §650.055; Mont. Code. Ann. §44-6-106; Neb. Rev. Stat. §29–4108; N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §651-C:3; N.J. Stat. Ann. §53:1–20.24; N.M. Stat. Ann. §29-16-8; N.Y. Executive Law §995-c; N.C. Gen. Stat. §15A-266.8; N.D. Cent. Code §31-13-05; Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §109.573; Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 74 §150.27a(D); Or. Rev. Stat. §181.085; 44 Pa. Cons. Stat. §2319; R.I. Gen. Laws 12–1.5–11; S.C. Code Ann. §23-3-650; S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §23–5A-25; Tenn. Code Ann. §38-6-113; Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §411.147; Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 20 §1937; Va. Code Ann. §19.2–310.5; W. Va. Code §15–2B-10; Wis. Stat. Ann. §165.77; and Wyo. Stat. §7-19-404.

Ala. Code §36-18-28; Alaska Stat. §11.56.762; Ark. Code Ann. §12-12-1115; Cal. Penal Code §299.5; Colo. Rev. Stat. §24-72-309; Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §54–102k; Del. Code. Ann. tit. 29 §4713(l); Ga. Code Ann. §24-4-64; Hawaii H.B. 1733 §113 (eff. July 1, 2005); Id. Code §19–5514; 730 Ill. Stat. Ann. 5/5-4-3(f-5); Ind. Code. Ann. §10-13-6-22; Iowa H.F. 619 §81.6 (eff. June 14, 2005); Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. §17.175; La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §15–618; Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 25, §1578; Md. Code Ann., Public Safety §2–512; Mass. Ann. Laws Ch. 22E §§12, 13; Mo. Rev. Stat. §650.055; Neb. Rev. Stat. §§29–4110, 4111; N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §651-C:4; N.J. Stat. Ann. §53:1–20.26; N.M. Stat. Ann. §29-16-12; N.Y. Executive Law §995-f; N.C. Gen. Stat. §15A-266.11; N.D. Cent. Code §31-13-09; Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§109.99, 109.573; Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 74 §150.27a(D); 44 Pa. Cons. Stat. §2332; R.I. Gen. Laws 12–1.5–15; S.C. Code Ann. §23-3-650; S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §23–5A-26; Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §411.153; Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 20 §1941;Va. Code Ann. §19.2–310.6; W. Va. Code §15–2B-12; Wis. Stat. Ann. §165.77(5); and Wyo. Stat. §7-19-404.

Ala. Code §36-18-28; Cal. Penal Code §298.2; Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §54–102k; Del. Code. Ann. tit. 29 §4713(d); Ga. Code Ann. §24-4-64; Hawaii H.B. 1733 §112 (eff. July 1, 2005); Ind. Code. Ann. §10-13-6-21; Iowa H.F. 619 §81.6; Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. §17.170; La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §15–618; Mass. Ann. Laws Ch. 22E §14; Neb. Rev. Stat. §29–4110; N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §651-C:4; N.M. Stat. Ann. §29-16-12; N.Y. Executive Law §995-f; N.D. Cent. Code §31-13-04; R.I. Gen. Laws 12–1.5–15; S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §23–5A-26; Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 20 §1945;Va. Code Ann. §19.2–310.6; W. Va. Code §15–2B-13; and Wyo. Stat. §7-19-404.

Alaska Stat. §44.41.035(f); Ark. Code Ann. §12-12-1114; Cal. Penal Code §299.5(a); Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §54–102i(b); Del. Code. Ann. tit. 29 §4713(g); Fla. Stat. Ann. §943.325(7); Ga. Code Ann. §24-4-62; Hawaii H.B. 1733 §81 (eff. July 1, 2005); Id. Code §19–5514; 730 Ill. Stat. Ann. 5/5-4-3(f); Iowa H.F. 619 §81.8 (eff. June 14, 2005); Kan. Stat. Ann. §21–2511; La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §15–616; Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 25, §1577; Md. Code Ann., Public Safety §2–502; Mass. Ann. Laws Ch. 22E §9; Minn. Stat. Ann. §299C.155; Mo. Rev. Stat. §650.055; Mont. Code. Ann. §44-6-108; N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §651-C:3; N.J. Stat. Ann. §53:1–20.27; N.M. Stat. Ann. §29-16-8; N.Y. Executive Law §995-d; N.C. Gen. Stat. §15A-266.12; N.D. Cent. Code §31-13-06; Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §109.573; Okla. Stat. Ann. tit. 74 §150.27a; 44 Pa. Cons. Stat. §2334; R.I. Gen. Laws 12–1.5–16; S.C. Code Ann. §§23-3-640, 650; S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §§23–5A-22, 23; Tex. Gov't Code Ann. §411.153; Utah Code Ann. §53-10-406; Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 20 §1941;Va. Code Ann. §19.2–310.4; and W. Va. Code §15–2B-12.

42 U.S.C.§14132; Quality Assurance, supra note 15.

42 U.S.C.§14132 (b)(2)(B) (2004).

42 U.S.C.§§14131, 14132; H.R. REP. NO. 45, 103rd Cong., 1st Sess. (1993).