LittonP.MillerF. G., “A Normative Justification for Distinguishing the Ethics of Clinical Research from the Ethics of Medical Care,”Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics33, no. 3 (2005): 566–574.
2.
Litton and Miller use therapeutic orientation, therapeutic beneficence and medical care ethic interchangeably.
3.
BlocheM. G.MarksJ. H., “When Doctors Go to War,”N. Engl. J. Med352 (2005): 3; See also WieselE., “Without Conscience,”N. Engl. J. Med.352 (2005): 15.
4.
Id.
5.
Id. at 5.
6.
State v. Fishel, 228 Md. 189, 179 A 2d 349 (1962); Betesh v. United States, 400 F. Sup. 238 (D.C. 1974); Parslow v. Masters [1993] 6 W.W.R. 273;.
7.
MorreimE. H., “The Clinical Investigator as Fiduciary: Discarding a Misguided Idea,”Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics33, no. 3 (2005): 586–598.
8.
Norberg v. Wynrib (1992) 92 DLR (4th) 449 a physician who supplied painkillers to a patient he knew was addicted in return for sexual favors was liable for breach of his fiduciary obligation to her.
9.
Halushka v. University of Saskatchewan, [1966] 53 D.L.R. (2d) 436 (C.A.)
10.
Id. at 445; see also, Frame v. Smith (1987) 42 DLR (4th) 81 at 99, the seminal Canadian case that sets out three general characteristics of relationships in which a fiduciary obligation may be imposed.
11.
Gomez v. Comite excutif Conseil des Medecins, Dentistes et Pharmaciens de l'Hopital Universitaire de Quebec, (2001) J.Q. No. 5544
