See RenX.S. and AmickB.C., “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Self-assessed Health Status: Evidence from the National Survey of Families and Households,”Ethnicity and Health1 (1996): 293–303; HubbellF.A.ChavezL.R.MishraS.I., and ValdezR.B., “Differing Beliefs About Breast Cancer Among Latinas and Anglo Women,”Western Journal of Medicine164 (1996): 405–09; PoweB.D., “Fatalism Among Elderly African Americans: Effects on Colorectal Cancer Screening,”Cancer Nursing18 (1995): 385–92; WeinerD., “Health Beliefs About Cancer Among the Luiseno Indians of California,”Alaska Medicine35 (1993): 285–96; BrownC.M. and SegalR., “Ethnic Differences in Temporal Orientation and its Implications for Hypertension Management,”Journal of Health and Social Behavior37 (1996): 350–61; HodesR.M., “Cross-cultural Medicine and Diverse Health Beliefs: Ethiopians Abroad,”Western Journal of Medicine196 (1997): 29–36; SuarezM.RaffaelliM., and O'LearyA., “Use of Folk Healing Practices by HIV-infected His-panics Living in America,”AZDS Care8 (1996): 683–90; HopperS.V., “The Influence of Ethnicity on the Health of Older Women,”Clinics in Geriatric Medicine9 (1993): 231–59; MilletP.E.SullivanB.F.SchwebelA.I., and MyersL. J., “Black Americans' and White Americans' Views of the Etiology and Treatment of Mental Health Problems,”Community Mental Health Journal32 (1996): 235–43; UbaL., “Cultural Barriers to Health Care for Southeast Asian Refugees,”Public Health Reports107 (1992): 544–48; RosenblatH. and HongP., “Coin Rolling Misdiagnosed as Child Abuse,”Canadian Medical Association Journal140 (1989): 417.
2.
See CornelisonA.H., “Cultural Barriers to Compassionate Care -Patients and Health Professionals' Perspectives,”Bioethics Forum17, no. 1 (2001): 7–14; Kawaga-SingerM. and BlackhallL.J., “Negotiating Cross-Cultural Issues at the End of Life: “You Got to Go Where He Lives,'”JAMA286, no. 23 (2001): 2993–3001; ValleR., “Cultural Assessment in Bioethical Advocacy – Toward Cultural Competency in Bioethical Practice,”Bioethics Forum17, no. 1 (2001): 15–26.
See SnowL.F., “Folk Medical Beliefs and Their Implications for the Care of Patients,”Annals of Internal Medicine811 (1974): 374–79; ComaroffJ., “The Defectiveness of Symbols, or the Symbols of Defectiveness,”Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry7 (1983): 3–20; FoxR.C., “Essays in Medical Sociology: Journeys into the Field” in The Evolution of American Bioethics: A Sociological Perspective (New York: Wiley, 1979): 201–217; GainesA.D., “Definitions and Diagnosis,”Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry34 (1979): 381–417; YoungA., “The Discourse of Stress and the Reproduction of Conventional Knowledge,”Social Science and Medicine14b (1980): 131–46.
5.
ReichW.T., Encyclopedia of Bioethics (New York: The Free Press/Macmillan, 1995).
6.
BowmanK.W., “Cultural Pluralism in Health Care: A South African-Canadian Comparison,”Annals of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada35, no. 2 (2002): 114–16.
7.
JeckerN.S.CarreseJ.A., and PearlmanR.A., “Caring for Patients in aCross Cultural Setting,”Hastings Center Report25, no. 1 (1995): 6–14; KunstaderP., “Medical Ethics in Cross Cultural and Multicultural Perspectives,”Social Science and Medicine1413 (1980): 289–96; GamesA.D. and RobertA.H., “Physicians of Western Medicine: Five Cultural Studies,”Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry63 (1982): 215–8; GostinL.O., “Informed Consent, Cultural Sensitivity, and Respect for Persons,”JAMA274, no. 10 (1995): 844–45; WilliamsJ.R., Ethics in Cross-Cultural Health. Health and Cultures: Exploring the Relationships: Vol. 1: Policy Practice and Education (Oakville, Ontario: Mosaic Press, 1993): 255–70; TurnerL., “Bioethics and Anthropology: Bridges and Barriers to Transdisciplinary Research,”Monash Bioethics Review22, no. 3 (2003):12–17.
8.
CarreseJ.A. and RhodesL.A., “Western Bioethics on the Navajo Reservation,”JAMA247, no. 10 (1995): 844–45; BlackhallL.J.MurphyS.T.FrankG.MichelV., and AzenS., “Ethnicity and Attitudes Toward Patient Autonomy,”JAMA274, no. 10 (1995): 820–25; BeauchampT.L., “A Defense of the Common Morality,”Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal13, no. 3 (2003): 259–74; TurnerL., “Bioethics in a Multicultural World: Medicine and Morality in Pluralistic Settings,”Health Care Analysis11, no. 2 (2003): 99–117.
9.
HallE.T., Beyond Culture (New York: Doubleday, 1981).
10.
KleinmanA.M., “Biomedical Practice and Anthropological Theory: Frameworks and Directions,”Annals of the Review of Anthropology12 (1983): 305–33.
11.
RotterJ.B., ed., Locus of Control: Current Trends in Theory and Research, 2d ed. (New York: Wiley Press, 1966).
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HsiehT.ShybutJ., and LotsofE., “Internal Versus External Control and Ethnic Group Membership: A Cross-cultural Comparison,”Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology33 (1969): 122–24; BattleE. and RotterJ., “Children's Feelings of Personal Control as Related to Social Class and Ethnic Group,”Journal of Personality31 (1963): 482–90.
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See Fox, supra note 4.
14.
See Beauchamp, supra note 8; FaganA., “Challenging the Bioethical Application of the Autonomy Principle Within Multicultural Societies,”Journal of Applied Philosophy21, no. 1 (2004): 15–31.
15.
BarkerJ.C., “Cultural Diversity – Changing the Context of Medical Practice,”Western Journal of Medicine157 (special issue, “Cross-Cultural Medicine – A Decade Later”) (1992): 248–54.
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17.
BowmanK.W.SingerP.A., and RichardS.A., “Chinese Seniors' Perspectives on Truth Telling,”International Journal of Ethics (in press, Hauppauge, New York).
18.
See Blackhall, supra note 8.
19.
See Carrese and Rhodes, supra note 8.
20.
KleinmanA.M., Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
21.
See Ip, supra note 16; Hui, supra note 16; Feldman, supra note 16.
22.
See Kleinman, supra note 20.
23.
TanidaN., “Japanese Religious Organizations View on Terminal Care,”Journal of Asian and International Bioethics10 (2000): 34–37.
24.
ArmstrongK., Buddha (New York: Penguin Books, 2001): at 27.
25.
Ohnuki-TierneyE., Illness and Culture in Contemporary Japan: an Anthropological View (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984): at 32.
26.
FujitaS., Seito Shi No Mirai (Tokyo: Ashai Shimbun-sha, 1980): at 6.
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ScorsoneS., “Christianity and the Significance of the Human Body,”Transplantation Proceedings22 (1990): 943–44.
32.
LockeM., “Reaching Consensus About Death: Heart Transplant and Cultural Identity in Japan”Social Science Perspectives On Medical Ethics (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990): 99–119.
33.
MeleisA.L. and JonsenA.R., “Ethical Crises and Cultural Differences (Medicine in Perspective),”Western Journal of Medicine138 (1983): 889–93.