New Malaise: Bioethics and Human Rights in the Global Era

dos Anjos M.F. , “Medical Ethics in the Developing World: A Liberation Theology Perspective,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 21 (1996): 629–637.

Brandt A.M. , “Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study,” Hastings Center Report 8, no. 6 (1978): 21–29; Rothman D. , “Were Tuskegee and Wlllowbrook ‘Studies in Nature’?” Hastings Center Report 12, no. 2 (1984): 5–7.

See Brandt , supra note 2, at 27.

“Criticized Research Quantifies the Risk of AIDS Infection,” New York Times, March 30, 2000, at A16.

Quinn T.C. Wawer M.J. Sewankambo N. “Viral Load and Heterosexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1,” New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000): 921–929, at 921, 927, 928.

Cohen M.S. , “Preventing Sexual Transmission of HIV— New Ideas from Sub-Saharan Africa,” New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000): 970–972, at 972 (emphasis added).

Shuger S. , “Supreme Court Cover-Up,” Today's Papers, Slate, March 30 (2000), at <http://slate.msn.com/?id=1004976> (last visited May 11, 2004).

Angell M. , “The Ethics of Research in Developing Countries,” New England Journal of Medicine 343 (2000): 967–68.

See Quinn Wawer Sewankambo , supra note 5.

Anonymous, “The Ethics Industry,” The Lancet 350 (1997): 897.

National Academy of Science, Nacional Academy of Engineering, Intitute of Medicine, On Being a Scientist 2nd edition (Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994).

Benatar S.R. Daar A.S. Singer P.A. , “Global Health Ethics: The Rationale for Mutual Caring,” International Affairs 79 (2003): 107–138, at 110.

Selgelid M. , “Ethics and Infectious Disease,” Bioethics 15 (2005) forthcoming.

Churchill L.R. , “Are We Professionals? A Critical Look at the Social Role of Bioethicists,” Daedalus 128 (1999): 253–274, at 255.

Id., at 259.

Rathore S.S. Berger A.K. Weinfurt K.P. , “Race, Sex, Poverty, and the Medical Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly,” Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association 102 (2000): 642–648.

Byrd W.M. Clayton L.A. , An American Health Dilemma Vol. 2, Race Medicine, and Health Care in the United States, 1900–2000 (New York: Routledge, 2002); Fiscella K. Franks P. Gold M.R. , “Inequality in Quality: Addressing Socioeconomic, Racial, and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care,” Journal of the American Medical Association 283 (2000): 2579–2584; Freeman H.P. Payne R. , “Racial Injustice in Health Care,” New England Journal of Medicine 342 (1991): 1045–1047; Schneider E.C. Zaslavsky A.M. Epstein A.M. , “Racial Disparities in the Quality of Care for Enrollees in Medicare Managed Care,” Journal of the American Medical Association 287 (2002): 1288–1294; Institute of Medicine, Care Without Coverage: Too Little, Too Late (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2002); Institute of Medicine, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2002).

World Bank, World Development Indicators, Table 2.15 (Washington, D.C.: International Bank, 2001): At 98–100.

United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Indicators (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

Tomes N. , The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).

Thomas L. , The Youngest Science: Notes of a Medicine-Watcher(New York: Viking Press, 1983).

Farmer P. , “Social Inequalities and Emerging Infectious Diseases,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 2 (1996): 259–269; Farmer P. , Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues (Berkeley. University of California Press, 1999); Farmer P. Bayona J. Becerra M. , “The Dilemma of MDRTB in the Global Era,” International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2 (1998): 869–876; Garrett L. , Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health (New York: Hyperion, 2000).

Regaldo A. Schoofs M. , “AIDS Researcher HO, Others set to Begin to Tackle SARS,” Wall Street Journal, April 24, 2003, at A3,

World Medical Association, World Medical Association International Code of Medical Ethics , amended by the Twenty-Second World Medical Assembly, Sydney, Australia, August 1968; and the Thirty-Fifth World Medical Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983; available at <http://www.wma.net/e/policy/b3.htm> (last visited May 11, 2004). On the impact of Nuremberg on Medical Ethics, see Lifton R.J. , The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986).

Lurie P. Wolfe S.M. , “Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries,” New England Journal of Medicine 337 (1997): 853–856.

Schüklenk U. , “Protecting the Vulnerable: Testing Times for Clinical Research Ethics,” Social Science and Medicine 51 (2000): 969–977, at 973.

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic 2002 (Geneva: UNAIDS, 2002), at 8.

Resnik D. , “The Ethics of HIV Research in Developing Nations,” Bioethics 12 (1998): 286–306, at 302.

Id., at 303.

Id., at 303.

Id., at 306

Zulueta P. , “Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trials and HIV-infected Pregnant Women in Developing Countries. Ethical Imperialism or Unethical Exploitatioa?” Bioethics 15 (2001): 289–311, at 302.

Gray R.H. Quinn T.C. Serwadda D. , “The Ethicss of Research in Developing Countries,” New England Journal of Medicine 343 (2000): 361–362, at 361.

Angell M. , “The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World,” New England Journal of Medicine 337 (1997): 847–849, at 849.

Sobrino J. , Spirituality of Liberation: Toward Political Holiness (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1988), at 30.

Benatar S. , “Human Rights in the Biotechnology Era,” BMC International Health and Human Rights 2 (2002): 1–9, at 5, available at <http://www.biomedcentral.eom/1472–698X/2/3>.

Wallerstein I. , After Liberalism (New York: The New Press, 1995), at 6–7.