See, e.g., HowardC., The Hidden Welfare State (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997); HackerJ., The Divided Welfare State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
2.
Hacker, supra note 1; JostT., Disentitlement? (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); KleinJ., For All These Rights, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003).
3.
Medicaid also supplements Medicare for its low-income elderly and the later-added disabled beneficiaries and provides long-term care to those who satisfy eligibility and financial requirements.
4.
O'BrienE. and FederJ., Employer-based Health Insurance and Its Decline: The Growing Plight of Low-Wage Workers (Washington, D.C.: The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, 1999).
5.
For data on the uninsured, see The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, Health Insurance Coverage in America, 2002 Data Update, December 2003.
6.
StevensR. and StevensR., Welfare Medicine in America: A Case Study of Medicaid (New York: New York Free Press, 1974).
7.
As of 2001 Delaware, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Tennessee and Vermont, the Department of Health and Human Services had been granted waivers under section 1115 of the Social Security Act to cover childless, nondisabled adults. See The Medicaid Resource Book (Washington, D.C.: The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, 2002): at 16–17.
8.
The Congressional Budget Office ultimately judged this employer mandate to constitute a “tax,” though whether the public perceived it as such is an open question.
9.
Medicare savings were dedicated to the proposal's prescription drug and long-term care benefits.
10.
Although the Congressional Budget Office did not find these and other projected savings entirely sufficient to finance the program, its estimates came close (and indeed were achievable with modest adjustments to some of the proposed benefits and subsidies).
11.
BlendonR. T.BrodieM., and BensonJ., “What Happened to Americans' Support for the Clinton Health Plan,”Health Affairs14, no. 2 (1995): 7–23.
12.
For a discussion of this issue, see FederJ.LevittL.O'BrienE., and RowlandD., “Assessing the Combination of Public Programs and Tax Credits,”Covering the Uninsured, (Washington, D.C.: Economic and Social Research Institute, 2001).
13.
CunninghamP. J.ReschovskyJ. D., and HadleyJ., The Effects of SCHIP on Children's Health Insurance Coverage (Washington, D.C.: Center for the Study of Health Systems Change, 2002).
14.
BaumgardnerJ. R., “Providing Health Insurance to the Short-Term Unemployed,”Inquiry (1998): 266–279; KlermanJ. A., Uninsured and Unemployed: Policy Issues Raised by Expanded Coverage for Those Losing Health Insurance as a Result of Job Loss (Washington, D.C., RAND Mimeo, 1997).
15.
GruberJ. and LevittL., “Tax Subsidies for Health Insurance: Costs and Benefits,”Health Affairs19, no. 1 (2000): 72–85.
