I Need a Placebo like I Need a Hole in the Head

Clark P.A. , “Placebo Surgery for Parkinson's Disease: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 30, no. 1 (2002): 58–68.

See Beecher H.K. , “Surgery as Placebo,” JAMA, 176 (1961): 1102–07.

Emanuel E.J. Miller F.G. , “The Ethics of Placebo-Controlled Trials — A Middle Ground,” N. Engl. J. Med., 345 (2001): 915–19, at 917 (bullets added).

Freedman B. Weijer C. Glass K.C. , “Placebo Orthodoxy in Clinical Research I: Empirical and Methodological Myths,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 24 (1996): 243–51.

See id.

Weijer C. , “The Ethical Analysis of Risk,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 28, no. 4 (2000): 344–61.

U.S. National Bioethics Advisory Commission, “Report and Recommendations of the National Advisory Bioethics Commission,” Ethical and Policy Issues in Research Involving Human Participants, vol. 1 (Bethesda: NBAC, 2001).

See Weijer , supra note 6.

See id.

See id.

See Clark, supra note 1.

Weijer C. , “Research Involving the Vulnerable Sick,” Accountability in Research, 7 (1999): 21–36.

See Levine R.J. , Ethics and Regulation of Clinical Research, 2d ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988): at 73.